1、Designation: C896 17C896 17aStandard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and Pe
3、rforated2. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board, department, or agency established and authorized by a state, county, city, orother political subdivision, created by law to administer and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from bed
4、ding to finished surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initial backfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top of bedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place in the trench.barrelth
5、e cylindrical portion of a vitrified clay pipe exclusive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, as determined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determine fieldsupporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, conso
6、lidation, and configuration, as designed to support, and to develop field supportingstrength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting, designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with a complimentar
7、y pipe end or adjust to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating an internal separation.bodySee pipe body.bouldera particle of rock that will not pass a 12-in. (305-mm) square opening.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the location where a small piece of
8、the unit material has been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when sufficientlypulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression joint.cobblea parti
9、cle of rock that will pass a 12-in. (305-mm) square opening and be retained on a 3-in. (76-mm) U.S. standard pactiondensification of soil by means of mechanical pression couplingSee compression joint.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the
10、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 on Editorial.Current edition approved June 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2017. Published June 2017January 2018. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 asC896 15.C896 17. DOI: 10.1520/C0896-17.10.1520/C0896-17A.2 For referencedASTM stand
11、ards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an AS
12、TM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published
13、 by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1compression diska disk of compressible material placed between the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose of distributing thejacking pre
14、ssion jointa joint designed so that a sealing action is obtained by compressing elastomeric components.conduita pipe for conveying fluid.consolidationthe gradual reduction in volume of backfill matter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which all volatile components h
15、ave been vaporized, and repeated exposure toa specified temperature, for any period of time, causes no change in weight.controlled low strength material (CLSM)flowable low compressive strength cementitious material used in the pipe zone asa bedding material. Also referred to as controlled density fi
16、ll, flowable fill, slurry, or lean concrete.crackan irregular separation with well-defined sharp edges visible on the surface of a pipe.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is determined by depth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well as unit weightand character of backfill material.drain
17、sa piping system used to collect and carry off surface and ground water.encasementspecial materials, their placement and configuration which are designed to fully surround the pipe, and develop afield supporting strength which exceeds that developed by other commonly used installation and bedding te
18、chniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test section during a specified time period.faceto cover with a new surface.filter blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of proprietary configuration, designed to underbed the media in trickling filters.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flu
19、x content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc. used in the installation of vitrified clay pipelines.floodinga means of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load bearing fired clay unit, normally used for convey
20、ing hot gases in chimneys.foundationthe native or prepared trench bottom on which the bedding is placed.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which a fragment has been broken. It is distinguished by well-defined fracturefaces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meet the surface of
21、the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused coating.haunchthe areas bordered by the barrel outside diameter, the vertical tangents from the pipe springline and the horizontaltangents from the bottom of the pipe. See detail:C896 17a2haunchingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool to place and consol
22、idate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which is essentialfor the total load factor to be realized.hot facethe interior surface of a chimney that is exposed to the elevated temperat
23、ures of the flue gasses.inch-pound unitsthe units of length, area, volume, weight, and temperature in common use in the United States at the presenttime. These include, but are not limited to: (1) lengthfeet, inches, and fractional inches, (2) areasquare feet and squareinches, (3) volumecubic feet,
24、cubic inches, gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpounds and ounces, and (5) temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting from manufacturing or processing operations.infiltrationthe quality of ground water entering the test section during a specified time period.ini
25、tial backfilllocation for placement of selected material, native or import, extending from the top of the bedding material toan elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jackinga method of installing pipe by the trenchless method using equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force appli
26、ed to the pipe along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water under pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual length of pipe, or the means of closure to form a pipeline.laminationa stratification
27、of the material in the plane of the wall of a unit.leachateliquid drainage normally associated with contaminated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of the load transmitted to pipe from wheel or tread impacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics of sufficient si
28、milarity that individual specimens selected from thatgroup may be considered representative of the whole group.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking the pipe behind a remotely controlled, steerable, laser guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous support to the ex
29、cavated face under various geotechnical conditionsincluding the presence of groundwater.migrationthe movement of soil into adjacent material.mitered fittingsfittings manufactured by using beveled pipe segments.mitered pipeSee beveled pipe.nominal diameterreferences the internal diameter in name only
30、 to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small solid bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pipe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay materials from which vitrified clay pipe is made.pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are broken by mechanical fracturing fr
31、om either inside or outside with theremains being pushed into the surrounding soil while simultaneously inserting a new pipeline of equal or larger diameter.pipelinepipes joined to provide a conduit through which fluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by means of poles, a mixture of soi
32、l and sufficient water to leave a puddle on the surface.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or group of pieces selected from a lot and used to determine whether the product complies with thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samples from a lot for use in
33、testing.sealing elementa separate or bonded material between the sleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga method of isolating and testing portions of an installed pipeline to determine the location of an air loss inexcess of the standard.segmented testinga method of testing vitrified
34、 clay pipe using segmented bearings as detailed in Test Method C301.C896 17a3selected materialfinely divided material free of debris, organic material, and large stones.sewagewaste matter carried off by sewers.sewergenerally, an underground conduit usually carrying waste matter in a liquid medium.se
35、wer lineSee sewer.sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in Specification C700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage.shalea thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay with well-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.shovel slicingutilizing a shovel, spade, or o
36、ther suitable tool to place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which is essentialfor the total load factor to be realized.sleevea coupling which contains or compresse
37、s the sealing element and meets the requirements of the standard. The sleeve maybe affixed to one end of the pipe at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting new pipe into an existing pipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed to accept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.
38、specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or political subdivision charged with and having the responsibility for the designof a facility, product, equipment, or material requirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results to be reported.spigotthat porti
39、on of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bell or socket of the preceding pipe.spring linethe line of maximum horizontal dimension of the transverse cross section.suitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded 34 to 14 in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of one fractureface, or
40、other angular, non-consolidating bedding materials not subject to migration.superimposed loadload imposed by travel over, or by material brought and placed over the trench area, after pipe installation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurring on the surface.test sectionthe portion
41、 of pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results reported, or which is to be prepared forfurther testing, and the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and bedding which supports the pipe bedding structure.tricklin
42、g filtera facility for the waste waters which utilizes a flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaided eyevisual inspection, without the use of special equipment or enhancement excepting the use of corrective lenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays or combinations thereof which are shaped
43、, dried, and fired to a point wherethe glass-forming components fuse to form a bond between the crystalline grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filter block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clay filter block.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
44、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
45、 careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Interna
46、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 17a4
