1、Designation: C902 14Standard Specification forPedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C902; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use aspaving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehiculartraffic. The units are designed
3、for use in pedestrian applicationsand vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes ofvehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets andcommercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are notintended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Speci-fication C1272 or for in
4、dustrial applications covered by Speci-fication C410.NOTE 1Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavyvehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C1272.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of b
5、rickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Sec-tion 5) of this specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to
6、a heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop sufficient fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.4 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, colors, andsh
7、apes. They are available in three classes according toexposure environment and three types according to type oftraffic exposure.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for infor
8、mation onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC418 Test
9、Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to paving brick,refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified acc
10、ording to theseverity of their use-environment. Two types of environmentare considered: (1) weather and (2) traffic:4.1.1 Weather: Weathering resistance is specified by one ofthree classes. When the class is not specified, the requirementsfor Class SX shall govern.4.1.1.1 Class SXBrick intended for
11、use where the brickmay be frozen while saturated with water.4.1.1.2 Class MXBrick intended for exterior use whereresistance to freezing is not a factor.4.1.1.3 Class NXBrick not intended for exterior use butwhich may be acceptable for interior use where protected fromfreezing when wet.NOTE 2A surfac
12、e coating may be applied to any class of brick of thisstandard when protected from freezing while wet. The function of thecoating is to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids into the pores of thebrick. Coatings should be applied only after complete drying of thepaving.1This specification is under t
13、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C902 13. DOI:
14、10.1520/C0902-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
15、 end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Traffc: Abrasion resistance is specified by one of threetypes. When the type is not specified, the requirements for TypeII govern.4.1.2.1 Type IBrick subjected
16、 to extensive abrasion.NOTE 3Type I pavers would be used in such places as sidewalks anddriveways in publicly occupied spaces.4.1.2.2 Type IIBrick subjected to intermediate abrasion.NOTE 4Type II pavers would be used in such places as heavilytraveled residential walkways and residential driveways.4.
17、1.2.3 Type IIIBrick subjected to low abrasion.NOTE 5Type III pavers would be used in such places as floors orpatios in single-family homes.5. Physical Properties5.1 Freeze Thaw ResistanceUse one of the followingmethods:5.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall con-form to the physical requ
18、irements for the class specified asprescribed in Table 1.5.1.1.1 Absorption AlternativeIf the average 24-h coldwater absorption is less than 6.0 %, the requirement forsaturation coefficient shall be waived.5.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test AlternativeThe require-ments for water 24-h cold water absorpt
19、ion and saturationcoefficient specified in 5.1.1 do not apply, provided a repre-sentative sample of five brick, meeting the strength require-ments of Table 1, passes the freezing and thawing test asdescribed in the Rating section of the Freezing and Thawingtest procedures of Test Methods C67.NOTE 6T
20、he 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is specified only as analternative when brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements formaximum 24-h cold water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to therestrictive absorption requirements in 5.1.1.1.5.1.2.1 Class SX: Breakage and Weight Loss Requi
21、rementNo individual unit separates or disintegrates resulting in aweight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.5.1.2.2 Class SX: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastfinished face dimension.5.1.3 Sulfate Soundness Test Alternativ
22、eThe requirementsfor 24-h cold water absorption and saturation coefficientspecified in 5.1.1 shall not be required if a sample of five bricksurvives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test in accordancewith Sections 4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C88 with no visibledamage.NOTE 7The sulfate soundness tes
23、t is an optional substitute test for thefreezing-and-thawing test (5.1.2).5.1.4 Performance AlternativeIf information on the per-formance of the units in a similar application of similarexposure and traffic is furnished by the manufacturer or hisagent and is found acceptable by the specifier of the
24、pavementmaterial, or his agent, the physical requirements in 5.1.1 maybe waived.5.1.5 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Dry Pressed, and DryPressed Brick)The requirements listed in Table 1 shall bechanged for molded brick to permit maximum 24-h cold waterabsorption of 16.0 % average and 18.0 % individual
25、, andminimum compressive strengths of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa)average and 3500 psi (24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX,provided that the requirements for saturation coefficient ofTable 1 are met.NOTE 8The resistance of brick to weathering cannot be predicted withcomplete assurance at the present state of
26、knowledge. There is no knowntest that can predict weathering resistance with complete accuracy.Brick in general is superior in weathering resistance to other buildingmaterials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performancebeyond 200 years and even into the thousands of years. Neverthel
27、ess,there are some brick that cannot survive a few winters of a severe freezingand thawing environment.The durability requirements of the specification attempt to exclude suchbrick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this timeand is based on extensive research by several inv
28、estigators. The durabilityrequirements have an excellent correlation with in-use performance.Nevertheless, it is known that some brick that meet this specification maynot be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do notmeet these specifications may show superior serviceability
29、 in the mostsevere climate. The best indication of brick durability is its serviceexperience record.5.2 Abrasion ResistanceThe brick shall meet the require-ments of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 for the applicabletraffic use (see 4.1.2).3NOTE 9Skid/slip resistance should be considered by the p
30、urchaser foruses of brick where pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods of testing thischaracteristic are under study and it is hoped that a specification for thisproperty can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitabletest methods are developed.6. Ordering Information6.1 Orders f
31、or pedestrian and light traffic paving brick underthis specification shall include the following information:6.1.1 Color, Color Range, and Texture(9.1), by approvinga sample.6.1.2 Sampling (10.2)Specify location where specimensare to be secured for testing.3McBurney, J. W., Brink, R. H., Eberle, A.
32、R., “Relation of Water Absorptionand Strength of Brick to Abrasive Resistance,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 40, 1940,pp. 11431151.TABLE 1 Freeze Thaw Resistance Property RequirementsDesignationCompressive Strength, flatwise, gross area, min,psi (MPa)Maximum 24-h Cold Water Absorption, % Saturation Coeffi
33、cient, maxAAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualClass SX 8000 (55.2) 7000 (48.3) 8.0 11.0 0.78 0.80Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 14.0 17.0 no limit no limitClass NX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) no limit no limit no limit no limitAThe saturation coefficient i
34、s the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C902 1426.2 Orders for light traffic paving brick under this specifi-cation may include the following information:6.2.1 ClassificationWeather (4.1.1)Class SX governswhen class is not specified.6.
35、2.2 ClassificationTraffc (4.1.2)Type II governs whentype is not specified.6.2.3 Size (8.1)Specify width by height by length oraccept the manufacturers stock item.6.2.4 Application (8.2)Application PS governs when ap-plication is not specified.6.2.5 Cost of Tests (Note 10)Party to pay and conditionsf
36、or payment of compliance testing.7. Efflorescence7.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place of
37、manufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.8. Dimensions and Permissible Va
38、riations8.1 The size of the brick shall be as specified by thepurchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item.8.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall dependon the application specified. When the application is notspecified, the requirements for Application PS shall govern.8.2.1 A
39、pplication PSPaving brick intended for general useand installed with a mortar joint between individual units, or inan installation without mortar joints between units when theyare laid in running or other bonds not requiring extremely closedimensional tolerances.8.2.2 Application PXPaving brick inte
40、nded for installa-tion without mortar joints between the units, where exception-ally close dimensional tolerances are required as a result ofspecial bond patterns or unusual construction requirements.8.2.3 Application PAPaving brick manufactured and se-lected to produce characteristic architectural
41、effects resultingfrom nonuniformity in size, color, and texture of individualunits. (The textures may exhibit inclusion of nonuniformnodules of mineral substances or purposely introduced cracksthat enhance the appearance of the units.) The requirements onwarpage and dimensional tolerances as specifi
42、ed in 8.3 and 8.4do not apply to this application.8.3 Dimensional ToleranceBrick shall not depart from thespecified size by more than the individual tolerance for theapplication specified as prescribed in Table 4.8.4 WarpageThe concave and convex warpage of any faceintended to be the exposed surface
43、 or edge of the paving shallnot exceed the values of Table 3 when sampled and measuredin accordance with Test Methods C67.9. Finish and Appearance9.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser. The texture of t
44、he finished face shall conform to anapproved sample consisting of not less than four brick, eachrepresenting the texture desired. The color range shall beindicated by the approved sample.9.2 The brick shall be free of cracks or other imperfectionsdetracting from the appearance of a designated sample
45、 whenviewed under diffused lighting from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m)forApplication PX and a distance of 20 ft (6 m) forApplicationPS.9.3 The parts of the brick that will be exposed in place shallbe free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 5.9.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchase
46、r and theseller, a delivery of brick shall contain not more than 5 % brickTABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA(1)Abrasion Index,Bmax(2)Volume Abrasion Loss,Cmax, cm3/cm2Type I 0.11 1.7Type II 0.25 2.7Type III 0.50 4.0ASelect the sample according to the sampling procedure of Test Method
47、s C67.The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listedshall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample.BThe abrasion index is calculated from the 24-h cold water absorption in percentand the compressive strength in pounds per square inch as follows:A
48、brasion index51003absorptioncompressive strength(1)Compressive strength values are influenced by specimen shape (particularly theheight to width ratio of the test specimen). Therefore, a shape is specified whichconforms to the data on which the abrasion index is based.4The compressive strength shall
49、 be determined on specimens measuring 378 by378 by 214 in. 14 in. (98 by 98 by 57 mm 6 mm) for length, width, and heightrespectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs.Other shaped specimens may be used provided that the producer submitsevidence acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalentstrength results to those of the specified shape.The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Column 2 in thosecases where the procedural requirements for compressive strength
