1、Designation: C936/C936M 15C936/C936M 16Standard Specification forSolid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C936/C936M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlocking concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved
3、surfaces.1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures, finish,color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should be consultedas to availability of units havin
4、g the desired features.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may resul
5、t in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC140/C140M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related UnitsC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC207 Specification for Hydrated Lime fo
6、r Masonry PurposesC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC331/C331M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry UnitsC418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by SandblastingC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC595/C59
7、5M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC979/C979M Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored ConcreteC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Performa
8、nce Specification for Hydraulic CementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesC1645/C1645M Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 architectural finishessurface modified by mechan
9、ical means such as blasting, hammering, polishing, tumbling, washing,or other methods.4. Materials4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementsSpecification C150/C150M.4.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementsSpecification C595/C595M.1 This spe
10、cification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 onConcrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved July 1, 2015June 1, 2016. Published July 2015July 2016. Originally approved in 1982. La
11、st previous edition approved in 20132015 asC936/C936M 13.C936/C936M 15. DOI: 10.1520/C0936_C0936M-15.10.1520/C0936_C0936M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, r
12、efer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all
13、changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100
14、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.3 Hydraulic CementSpecification C1157/C1157M.4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type SSpecification C207.4.1.5 Fly AshSpecification C618.4.1.6 Ground SlagSpecification C989/C989M.4.1.7 Silica FumeSpecification C1240.4.2 Aggregate
15、s shall conform to the following ASTM specifications, except that grading requirements shall not necessarilyapply:4.2.1 Normal WeightSpecification C33/C33M.4.2.2 LightweightSpecification C331/C331M.4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:4.3.1 Air-entrai
16、ning AdmixturesSpecification C260/C260M.4.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and Accelerating AdmixturesSpecification C494/C494M.4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored ConcreteSpecification C979/C979M.4.4 Other ConstituentsIntegral water repellents, and other materials for which no ASTM standards exist,
17、shall be previouslyestablished as suitable for use in concrete or shall be shown by test or experience not to be detrimental to the concrete.5. Physical Requirements5.1 Units shall have an exposed face area 101 in.2 0.065 m2, and their overall length divided by thickness shall be 4. Theminimum speci
18、fied thickness shall be 2.36 in. 60 mm. See Fig. 1.5.2 Concrete units covered by this specification may be made from lightweight or normal weight aggregates or mixedlightweight and normal weight aggregates.5.3 Compressive StrengthAt the time of delivery to the work site, the average compressive stre
19、ngth of the test samples shallbe not less than 8000 psi 55 MPa with no individual unit less than 7200 psi 50 MPa as required in 6.2.5.4 AbsorptionThe average absorption of the test samples shall not be greater than 5 % with no individual unit greater than7 % as required in 6.2.5.5 Resistance to Free
20、zing and ThawingIf the units are exposed to freezing and deicing materials during service, themanufacturer shall satisfy the purchaser either by proven field performance or a laboratory freezing-and-thawing test that thepaving units have adequate resistance to freezing and thawing. If a laboratory t
21、est is used, test in accordance with Test MethodC1645/C1645M. Specimens sampled from units that will not be exposed to deicing salts in service shall be tested in tap water.Specimens sampled from units that will be exposed to deicing materials in service shall be tested in 3 % saline solution. Theav
22、erage mass loss of all the specimens tested shall not be greater than: (a) 225 g/m2 when subject to 28 freeze-thaw cycles, or (b)500 g/m2 when subject to 49 freeze-thaw cycles. This test method shall be conducted not more than 12 months prior to deliveryof units.NOTE 1For some pavement applications
23、subject to severe winter temperatures and deicing materials, a lower freezing temperature should beconsidered when conducting Test C1645/C1645M using a 3 % saline solution. See the non-mandatory Appendix X1 for this temperature option.5.6 Abrasion ResistanceWhen requested by the specifier or purchas
24、er, units shall be tested in accordance with Test MethodC418 or the manufacturer shall provide adequate record of field performance from a similar application. Specimens shall not havean average volume loss greater than 0.92 in.3/7.75 in.2 15 cm3/50 cm2. The average thickness loss shall not exceed 0
25、.118 in. 3mm.NOTE 2Applications that may require testing include areas with severe abrasion, such as exposure to point loads from the repeated turning of hardrubber non-pneumatic wheels or heavy channelized foot traffic. Vehicular traffic usually does not constitute a severe abrasion condition.FIG.
26、1 Length, Width, and Thickness of Concrete Paving UnitsC936/C936M 1625.7 Dimensional ToleranceMeasured length or width of test specimens shall not differ by more than 60.063 in. 61.6 mmfrom specified dimensions. Measured thickness of test specimens shall not differ by more than 60.125 in. 63.2 mm fr
27、om thespecified dimension.All tests shall be performed as required in 6.2. Units shall meet dimensional tolerances prior to the applicationof architectural finishes.6. Sampling and Testing6.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall be accorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the
28、 units at the placeof manufacture from the lots ready for delivery. Prior to delivery of units, the supplier and purchaser shall decide on the lot sizefrom which to sample test specimens for resistance to freezing and thawing, abrasion resistance, absorption, compressive strength,and dimensional tol
29、erances.6.2 For compressive strength, absorption, and dimensional tolerances, test units in accordance with Test Methods C140/C140M.Sample a minimum of three (3) test specimens each for compressive strength and absorption. Determine dimensional tolerancesfrom either the compressive strength or absor
30、ption specimens prior to testing. Sample a minimum of three (3) specimens and testfor resistance to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C1645/C1645M. Sample a minimum of two (2) specimensfor abrasion resistance and test in accordance with Test Method C418. Separate specimens shall be
31、 used for compressive strength,absorption, freeze-thaw, and abrasion resistance tests.7. Visual Inspection7.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects that would interfere with the proper placing of the units or impair the strengthor performance of the construction. Minor cracks incidental to th
32、e usual methods of manufacture or minor chipping resulting fromcustomary methods of handling in shipment and delivery shall not be deemed grounds for rejection.8. Rejection8.1 In case the shipment fails to conform to the specified requirements, the manufacturer may sort it, and new specimens shallbe
33、 selected by the purchaser from the retained lot and tested at the expense of the manufacturer. In case the second set of specimensfails to conform to the test requirements, the entire lot shall be rejected.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. OPTIONAL TEST METHOD FOR FREEZE-THAW DURABILITYX1.1 Sco
34、peThis appendix provides information on using a lower freezing temperature that results in a more severe freezethawdurability test than that referenced in Section 5 of this standard and described in Test Method C1645/C1645M.X1.2 Significance and UseTest Method C1645/C1645M requires -5 6 3C 23 6 5F a
35、s the lowest temperature duringlaboratory freeze-thaw test cycles. To provide increased severity during freeze-thaw durability testing for pavement applicationsexposed to deicing materials, this appendix provides -15 6 3C 5 6 5F as the freezing temperature for specimens tested in a3 % saline solutio
36、n in accordance with Test Method C1645/C1645M.X1.3 ApplicationApplying 15 6 3C 5 6 5F in Test Method C1645/C1645M is determined by the location of a project interms of the climate zones shown in the map in Fig. X1.1 (see Note X1.1). The following guidelines apply to Test MethodC1645/C1645M according
37、 to the climate zone conditions:(1) Zone 1: Non-freezing conditions; no freeze-thaw test is required in accordance with 5.5.(2) Zone 2: Moderate freezing conditions; test in accordance with Test Method C1645/C1645M with no change in the requiredfreezing temperature; that is; use a freezing temperatu
38、re of 5 6 3C 23 6 5F. The mass loss criteria applies in accordance with5.5.(3) Zone 3: Severe freezing conditions; test in accordance with Test Method C1645/C1645M except use a freezing temperatureof 15 6 3C 5 6 5F. The mass loss criteria applies in accordance with 5.5.NOTE X1.1The weather zone map
39、in Fig. X1.1 is essentially the same as Figure 1, Location of Weathering Regions in Specification in C33/C33M.Climate Zones 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. X1.1 correspond to the Negligible, Moderate and Severe weathering regions, respectively, of Figure 1 in SpecificationC33/C33M.X1.4 ReportingReport the use of
40、 optional 15 6 3C 5 6 5F freezing temperature with mass lost in accordance with TestC936/C936M 163Method C1645/C1645M in the freeze-thaw durability test results.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C936/C936M 15) that m
41、ay impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2016)(1) New Note 1 and Appendix X1 were added to provide a more severe non-mandatory freezing temperature of 15 6 3C5 6 5F during resistance to freezing and thawing durability testing for pavement applications in the most severe winter climatezo
42、nes shown in Fig. X1.1.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C936/C936M 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2015)(1) Revised 5.7 to replace height with thickness.(2) Revised 4.1.2.FIG. X1.1 Cl
43、imate Zone MapC936/C936M 164ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infr
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