1、Designation: C936/C936M 18Standard Specification forSolid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C936/C936M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlock-ing concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of pavedsurfaces.1.2
3、 When particular features are desired, such as weightclassification, higher compressive strength, surface textures,finish, color, or other special features, such properties shouldbe specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should beconsulted as to availability of units having the desired
4、features.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conform
5、ancewith the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organizatio
6、n TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC140/C140M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Con-crete Masonry Units and Related UnitsC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC207 Specification for Hydrated
7、Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC331/C331M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates forConcrete Masonry UnitsC418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC595
8、/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC979/C979M Specification for Pigments for Integrally Col-ored ConcreteC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Perfo
9、rmance Specification for HydraulicCementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1645/C1645M Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icingSalt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnits3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 architectural finishessurface modified by mechani
10、-cal means such as blasting, hammering, polishing, tumbling,washing, or other methods.4. Materials4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementsSpecification C150/C150M.4.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementsSpecification C595/C595M.4.1.3 Hydra
11、ulic CementSpecification C1157/C1157M.4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type SSpecification C207.4.1.5 Fly AshSpecification C618.4.1.6 Ground SlagSpecification C989/C989M.4.1.7 Silica FumeSpecification C1240.4.2 Aggregates shall conform to the following ASTMspecifications, except that grading requirements shall
12、notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal WeightSpecification C33/C33M.4.2.2 LightweightSpecification C331/C331M.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
13、.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C936/C936M 16.DOI: 10.1520/C0936_C0936M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
14、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThi
15、s international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T
16、BT) Committee.14.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM specifications:4.3.1 Air-entraining AdmixturesSpecification C260/C260M.4.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and AcceleratingAdmixturesSpecification C494/C494M.4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored ConcreteSpecification
17、C979/C979M.4.4 Other ConstituentsIntegral water repellents, and othermaterials for which no ASTM standards exist, shall be previ-ously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall beshown by test or experience not to be detrimental to theconcrete.5. Physical Requirements5.1 Units shall have
18、an exposed face area 101 in.20.065m2, and their overall length divided by thickness shall be 4.The minimum specified thickness shall be 2.36 in. 60 mm.See Fig. 1.5.2 Concrete units covered by this specification may bemade from lightweight or normal weight aggregates or mixedlightweight and normal we
19、ight aggregates.5.3 Compressive StrengthAt the time of delivery to thework site, the average compressive strength of the test samplesshall be not less than 8000 psi 55 MPa with no individual unitless than 7200 psi 50 MPa as required in 6.2.5.4 AbsorptionThe average absorption of the test samplesshal
20、l not be greater than 5 % with no individual unit greaterthan 7 % as required in 6.2.5.5 Resistance to Freezing and ThawingIf the units areexposed to freezing and deicing materials during service, themanufacturer shall satisfy the purchaser either by proven fieldperformance or a laboratory freezing-
21、and-thawing test that thepaving units have adequate resistance to freezing and thawing.If a laboratory test is used, sample and test in accordance with6.2 using Test Method C1645/C1645M. Specimens sampledfrom units that will not be exposed to deicing salts in serviceshall be tested in tap water. Spe
22、cimens sampled from units thatwill be exposed to deicing materials in service shall be testedin 3 % saline solution. The average mass loss of all thespecimens tested shall not be greater than: (a) 225 g/m2whensubject to 28 freeze-thaw cycles, or (b) 500 g/m2when subjectto 49 freeze-thaw cycles.NOTE
23、1For some pavement applications subject to severe wintertemperatures and deicing materials, a lower freezing temperature shouldbe considered when conducting Test C1645/C1645M using a 3 % salinesolution. See the non-mandatory Appendix X1 for this temperature option.5.6 Abrasion ResistanceWhen request
24、ed by the specifieror purchaser, sample and test in accordance with 6.4 using TestMethod C418 or the manufacturer shall provide adequaterecord of field performance from a similar application. Speci-mens shall not have an average volume loss greater than 0.92in.3/7.75 in.215 cm3/50 cm2. The average t
25、hickness loss shallnot exceed 0.118 in. 3 mm.NOTE 2Applications that may require testing include areas withsevere abrasion, such as exposure to point loads from the repeated turningof hard rubber non-pneumatic wheels or heavy channelized foot traffic.Vehicular traffic usually does not constitute a s
26、evere abrasion condition.5.7 Dimensional ToleranceMeasured length or width oftest specimens shall not differ by more than 60.063 in. 61.6mm from specified dimensions. Measured thickness of testspecimens shall not differ by more than 60.125 in. 63.2 mmfrom the specified dimension. All tests shall be
27、performed asrequired in 6.2. Units shall meet dimensional tolerances priorto the application of architectural finishes.6. Sampling and Testing6.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall beaccorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at theplace of manufacture from the lots
28、 ready for delivery. Prior todelivery of units, the supplier and purchaser shall decide on thelot size from which to sample test specimens for resistance tofreezing and thawing, abrasion resistance, absorption, com-pressive strength, and dimensional tolerances.6.2 Compressive strength, absorption, d
29、ensity, and dimen-sional tolerances shall be based on tests of solid concreteinterlocking paving units of any configuration or dimensionsmanufactured with the same materials, concrete mix design,manufacturing process, and curing method, conducted inaccordance with Test Methods C140/C140M and not mor
30、e than12 months prior to delivery. Sample a minimum of three (3)test specimens each for compressive strength and absorption.Determine dimensional tolerances from either the compressivestrength or absorption specimens prior to testing.6.3 When required, freeze-thaw durability shall be based ontests o
31、f solid concrete interlocking paving units of any con-figuration or dimensions manufactured with the samematerials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, andcuring method, conducted in accordance with Test MethodC1645/C1645M and not more than 24 months prior to delivery.Sample a minimum of thr
32、ee (3) test specimens each forfreeze-thaw durability.6.4 When required, abrasion resistance shall be based ontests of solid concrete interlocking paving units of any con-figuration or dimensions manufactured with the samematerials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, andcuring method, conduc
33、ted in accordance with Test MethodC418 and not more than 24 months prior to delivery. Sample aminimum of two (2) test specimens each for abrasion resis-tance.FIG. 1 Length, Width, and Thickness of Concrete Paving UnitsC936/C936M 1827. Visual Inspection7.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects
34、 that wouldinterfere with the proper placing of the units or impair thestrength or performance of the construction. Minor cracksincidental to the usual methods of manufacture or minorchipping resulting from customary methods of handling inshipment and delivery shall not be deemed grounds forrejectio
35、n.8. Rejection8.1 In case the shipment fails to conform to the specifiedrequirements, the manufacturer may sort it, and new specimensshall be selected by the purchaser from the retained lot andtested at the expense of the manufacturer. In case the second setof specimens fails to conform to the test
36、requirements, theentire lot shall be rejected.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. OPTIONAL TEST METHOD FOR FREEZE-THAW DURABILITYX1.1 ScopeThis appendix provides information on usinga lower freezing temperature that results in a more severefreezethaw durability test than that referenced in Section
37、 5 ofthis standard and described in Test Method C1645/C1645M.X1.2 Significance and UseTest Method C1645/C1645Mrequires -5 6 3C 23 6 5F as the lowest temperature duringlaboratory freeze-thaw test cycles. To provide increased sever-ity during freeze-thaw durability testing for pavement applica-tions e
38、xposed to deicing materials, this appendix provides -156 3C 5 6 5F as the freezing temperature for specimenstested in a 3 % saline solution in accordance with Test MethodC1645/C1645M.X1.3 ApplicationApplying 15 6 3C 5 6 5F in TestMethod C1645/C1645M is determined by the location of aproject in terms
39、 of the climate zones shown in the map in Fig.X1.1 (see Note X1.1). The following guidelines apply to TestMethod C1645/C1645M according to the climate zone condi-tions:FIG. X1.1 Climate Zone MapC936/C936M 183(1) Zone 1: Non-freezing conditions; no freeze-thaw test isrequired in accordance with 5.5.(
40、2) Zone 2: Moderate freezing conditions; test in accor-dance with Test Method C1645/C1645M with no change in therequired freezing temperature; that is; use a freezing tempera-ture of 5 6 3C 23 6 5F. The mass loss criteria applies inaccordance with 5.5.(3) Zone 3: Severe freezing conditions; test in
41、accordancewith Test Method C1645/C1645M except use a freezingtemperature of 15 6 3C 5 6 5F. The mass loss criteriaapplies in accordance with 5.5.NOTE X1.1The weather zone map in Fig. X1.1 is essentially the sameas Figure 1, Location of Weathering Regions in Specification in C33/C33M. Climate Zones 1
42、, 2 and 3 in Fig. X1.1 correspond to theNegligible, Moderate and Severe weathering regions, respectively, ofFigure 1 in Specification C33/C33M.X1.4 ReportingReport the use of optional 15 6 3C5 6 5F freezing temperature with mass lost in accordancewith Test Method C1645/C1645M in the freeze-thaw dura
43、bilitytest results.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C936/C936M 16) that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2018)(1) Modified testing frequency in Sections 5 and 6.ASTM International takes no position
44、 respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.T
45、his standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM In
46、ternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address show
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