1、Designation: C999 05 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Practice forSoil Sample Preparation for the Determination ofRadionuclides1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in June 2010.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the preparation of surface soil
3、samples collected for chemical analysis of radionuclides,particularly uranium and plutonium. This practice describesone acceptable approach to the preparation of soil samples forradiochemical analysis.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses ar
4、e for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
5、to use. A specific hazardstatement is given in 6.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for RadionuclidesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Summary of Practice3.1 Guidance is provided for the preparation of a homoge-neous
6、soil sample from ten composited core samples (aggre-gate weight of 4 to 5 kg) collected as to be representative of thearea.4. Significance and Use4.1 Soil samples prepared for radionuclide analyses by thispractice can be used to monitor fallout distribution fromnuclear facilities. This practice is i
7、ntended to produce ahomogeneous sample from which a relatively small aliquot (10g) may be drawn for radiochemical analyses.4.2 Most nuclear facilities fulfill major requirements of theirmonitoring programs by gamma-ray spectrometry measure-ments of soil.Awidely used practice for these measurements i
8、sto fill a calibrated sample container, such as a Marinelli beaker(;600-mL volume), with a homogenized soil sample. Bypreparing the entire soil core collection, sufficient homoge-neous sample is available for radiochemical and gamma-rayspectrometry measurements.5. Apparatus5.1 Scale, capacity of 10
9、kg.5.2 Drying Oven, able to maintain 62C.5.3 Pans, disposable aluminum.5.4 Jar Mill, capacity for 7.57-L (2-gal) cans.5.5 Steel Cans and Lids, 7.57-L (2-gal).5.6 Ceramic Rods, 21 by 21-mm (1316 by1316-in.) or steelgrinding balls, 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter.5.7 Sieve, U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32 me
10、sh).5.8 Plastic Bottles, 7.57-L (2-gal).6. Procedure6.1 Label a cleaned 7.57-L (2gal) steel can and lid with aunique laboratory code number.6.2 Weigh the labeled steel can and lid. Record the weight.6.3 Transfer the ten soil cores (including vegetation) fromthe field collection containers into the l
11、abeled, preweighedsteel can. Do not pack the can full. Place the steel lid looselyon the can. (WarningWear gloves throughout the prepara-tion procedure to minimize the possibility of fungus infection.)6.4 Weigh the sample cores, steel can, and lid to 650 g.Record the weight.1This practice is under t
12、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods ofTest.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C999 05. DOI:10.1520/C0999-05R10E01.2
13、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
14、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.5 Remove the lid and place the sample in a 110C dryingoven for 24 h or longer, depending on the depth of soil in thecan, until the sample has reached constant weight.6.6 Remove the sample from the oven, cap the can with itslid, and cool to room
15、temperature.6.7 Weigh the dried sample cores, steel can, and lid to 650g. Record the weight.6.8 Remove the can lid and add 10 to 12 ceramic rods (21by 21-mm) or steel balls (25.4mm diameter) to the can.6.9 Replace the lid and tightly seal the sample can.6.10 Place the sample can on a jar mill for at
16、 least 4 h, orovernight if possible, at 30 r/min.6.11 Remove the sample can from the mill and place in ahood.6.12 Allow the sample to settle for a few minutes.6.13 Label a 7.57-L (2-gal) plastic jar and cap with thelaboratory code number of the sample.6.14 Remove the lid from the sample can and tran
17、sfer aportion of the sample to a U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32mesh) sieve.6.15 Sieve the sample and transfer the sieved fraction to theprelabeled plastic jar.6.16 Repeat the sieving and transfer steps until the entiresample has been processed.6.17 Remove the ceramic rods or steel balls from theuns
18、ieved material.6.18 Place the unsieved material in the can and replace thelid.6.19 Weigh, record the weight, and discard the unsievedmaterial and can. (CautionThe unsieved material shouldconsist of rocks, stones, and sandy matter. If soil clumpsremain, additional milling is required.) (CautionThe ce
19、-ramic or steel grinding media and the sieve must be cleanedthoroughly prior to reuse to eliminate the possibility ofcross-contamination of samples.)6.20 Remove a suitable aliquot of the sample from the jarfor radiochemical analysis.6.21 Cap the sample jar tightly. Wash and dry the outside ofthe con
20、tainer prior to storage.7. Calculation7.1 Wet Weight of the Composited Soil CoresThe wetweight (W) of the composited soil cores is the weight measuredprior to oven-drying the cores as follows:W 5 T 2 C (1)where:W = wet weight of the composited soil cores, g,T = weight of the soil cores, steel can, a
21、nd lid, g (from6.4), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).7.2 Dry Weight of the Composited Soil CoresThe dry-weight (D) of the composited soil cores is the weight measuredafter drying the cores at 110C as follows:D 5 N 2 C (2)where:D = dry (110C) weight of the soil cores, g,N =
22、 weight of the dried (110C) soil cores, steel can, andlid, g (from 6.7), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).7.3 Bulk Density of the Soil CoresThe bulk density (B)ofthe soil cores may be estimated from the wet weight of thecores (W) and the number of cores collected for compos
23、iting,times the volume of the sampling corer used in the fieldcollection.B 5 W!/F 3 V!(3)where:B = bulk density of the composited soil cores, g/cm3,W = weight of the composited soil cores, g, (from 7.1),F = number of soil cores collected and composited (10cores in accordance with Practice C998), and
24、V = volume of sampling corer used for the field collection,cm3.7.4 Weight of Unsieved MaterialThe weight of the un-sieved material, consisting primarily of rocks and stones, isobtained for documentation purposes.8. Keywords8.1 environmental; preparation; radionuclides; soilC999 05 (2010)12APPENDIX(N
25、onmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides adirect means of determining the concentration and distributionpattern of radionuclides in the environs of nuclear facilities.3X1.2 This practice was developed to minimize samplehandling and economic costs while
26、providing a final samplehomogeneity adequate for the intended radiochemical analy-ses. For these reasons, the soil cores collected in the field aretreated as a single sample without preliminary subdivision intoarbitrary fractions, such as +2-mm or 2-mm sizes. Vegetationis not separated from the core
27、s because it contributes little tothe volume or bulk density of the sample. Rocks and stonesallowed to remain in the sample during the milling operationact as additional grinding media. After the milling operation,the rocks and stones may be discarded because these materialswould not contain radionu
28、clides originating from a nuclearfacility release.X1.3 The milling of the soil to No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh,see Table X1.1) sieve size is based on consideration of theparticle size of plutonium present in soil at three sites ofreleases. Tamura4developed empirical information whichshows that essential
29、ly 100 % of the plutonium is present in theNo. 35 sieve fraction. Also see Specification E11.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinati
30、on of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdr
31、awn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your
32、comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single
33、 or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (
34、www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3“Measurements of Radionuclides in the Environment: Sampling and Analysisof Plutonium in Soil,” Atomic Energy Commission Regulatory Guide 4.5, May1974.4Tamura, T., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Plutonium in ExistingContaminated Soils and Sediments,” Proceedings o
35、f the Symposium on Transura-nium Nuclides in the Environment, IAEA Pub ST1/PUB/410, Vienna, 1976.TABLE X1.1 Various Sieve Size DesignationsU.S. Series DesignationTylerScreenScaleEquivalentSieve Opening,in. (approximateequivalent)Alternative StandardNo. 4 4.75 mm 4 mesh 0.187No. 6 3.35 mm 6 mesh 0.13
36、2No. 8 2.36 mm 8 mesh 0.0937No. 10 2.00 mm 9 mesh 0.0787No. 12 1.70 mm 10 mesh 0.0661No. 14 1.40 mm 12 mesh 0.0555No. 16 1.18 mm 14 mesh 0.0469No. 18 1.00 mm 16 mesh 0.0394No. 20 850 m 20 mesh 0.0331No. 30 600 m 28 mesh 0.0234No. 35 500 m 32 mesh 0.0197No. 40 425 m 35 mesh 0.0165No. 45 355 m 42 mesh
37、 0.0139No. 50 300 m 48 mesh 0.0117No. 60 250 m 60 mesh 0.0098No. 70 212 m 65 mesh 0.0083No. 80 180 m 80 mesh 0.0070No. 100 150 m 100 mesh 0.0059No. 120 125 m 115 mesh 0.0049No. 140 106 m 150 mesh 0.0041No. 170 90 m 170 mesh 0.0035No. 200 75 m 200 mesh 0.0029No. 230 63 m 250 mesh 0.0025No. 270 53 m 270 mesh 0.0021No. 325 45 m 325 mesh 0.0017C999 05 (2010)13
