1、Designation: D 1003 00Standard Test Method forHaze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1003; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This test method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 3022 of Federal Test MethodStandard
3、406.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of specificlight-transmitting and wide-angle-light-scattering properties ofplanar sections of materials such as essentially transparentplastic. Two procedures are provided for the measurement ofluminous transmittance and haze. Procedure A uses a
4、 hazeme-ter as described in Section 5 and Procedure B uses a spectro-photometer as described in Section 8. Material having a hazevalue greater than 30 % is considered diffusing and should betested in accordance with Practice E 167.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.N
5、OTE 1For greater discrimination among materials that scatter a highpercent of light within a narrow forward angle, such as is the case withabraded transparent plastics, adjust the hazemeter and perform measure-ments in accordance with Test Method D 1044.1.3 This standard does not purport to address
6、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2This test method is not equivalent to ISO 134681 andISO
7、/DIS 14782.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and ElectricalInsulating Materials for Testing2D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2D 1044 Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plasticsto Surface Abrasion2D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics2E
8、167 Practice for Goniophotometry of Objects and Mate-rials3E 259 Practice for Preparation of Reference White Reflec-tance Standards3E 284 Terminology of Appearance3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Pro-gram to Determine the Precision of a Test Method42.2 ISO Standards:5ISO 134681
9、 PlasticsDetermination of the Total Lumi-nous Transmittance of Transparent MaterialsISO/DIS 14782 PlasticsDetermination of Haze of Trans-parent Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms applicable to this test method aredefined in Terminologies D 883 and E 284.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
10、This Standard:3.2.1 haze, nin transmission, the scattering of light by aspecimen responsible for the reduction in contrast of objectsviewed through it. The percent of transmitted light that isscattered so that its direction deviates more than a specifiedangle from the direction of the incident beam.
11、3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the specified angleis 0.044 rad (2.5).3.2.2 luminous, adjweighted according to the spectralluminous efficiency function V() of the CIE (1987).3.2.3 luminous transmittance, nthe ratio of the luminousflux transmitted by a body to the flux incident upon it.4. Sign
12、ificance and Use4.1 Light that is scattered upon passing through a film orsheet of a material can produce a hazy or smoky field whenobjects are viewed through the material. Another effect can beveiling glare, as occurs in an automobile windshield whendriving into the sun.4.2 Although haze measuremen
13、ts are made most commonlyby the use of a hazemeter, a spectrophotometer may be used,provided that it meets the geometric and spectral requirementsof Section 5. The use of a spectrophotometer for haze mea-surement of plastics can provide valuable diagnostic data on1This test method is under the juris
14、diction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published July 2000. Originallypublished as D 1003 49 T. Last previous edition D 1003 97e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.3Annual
15、Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.5Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the orig
16、in of the haze,6and Procedure B is devoted to the useof a spectrophotometer.4.2.1 Procedure A (hazemeter) test values are normallyslightly higher and less variable than Procedure B (spectropho-tometer) test values.4.3 Regular luminous transmittance is obtained by placing aclear specimen at some dist
17、ance from the entrance port of theintegrating sphere. However, when the specimen is hazy, thetotal hemispherical luminous transmittance must be measuredby placing the specimen at the entrance port of the sphere. Themeasured total hemispherical luminous transmittance will begreater than the regular l
18、uminous transmittance, depending onthe optical properties of the sample. With this test method, thespecimen is necessarily placed at the entrance port of thesphere in order to measure haze and total hemisphericalluminous transmittance.4.4 Haze data representative of the material may be ob-tained by
19、avoiding heterogeneous surface or internal defectsnot characteristic of the material.4.5 Haze and luminous-transmittance data are especiallyuseful for quality control and specification purposes.4.6 Before proceeding with this test method, referenceshould be made to the specification of the material
20、being tested.Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, ortesting parameters, or combination thereof, covered in thematerials specification shall take precedence over those men-tioned in this test method. If there are no material specifica-tions, then the default conditions apply.5. Te
21、st Specimens5.1 Sample the material in accordance with PracticeD 1898. Obtain specimens that are free of defects not charac-teristic of the material unless such defects constitute variablesunder study.5.2 Cut each test specimen to a size large enough to coverthe entrance port of the sphere. A disk 5
22、0 mm (2 in.) indiameter, or a square with sides of the same dimensions, issuggested. The specimen shall have substantially plane-parallelsurfaces free of dust, grease, scratches, and blemishes, and itshall be free of visibly distinct internal voids and particles,unless it is specifically desired to
23、measure the contribution tohaze due to these imperfections.5.3 Prepare three specimens to test each sample of a givenmaterial unless specified otherwise in the applicable materialspecification.6. Conditioning6.1 ConditioningUnless otherwise required in the appro-priate materials specification or agr
24、eed between customer/supplier, condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test, in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618.In case of disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61C (1.8F)and 62 % relative humidity.6.2 Test Con
25、ditionsSet up the test apparatus in an atmo-sphere maintained at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity.7. Procedure AHazemeter7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 The instrument used for measurement shall meet thegeometric and spectral requirements of this section.77.1.2 A light source and a photodetect
26、or shall be supplied,and the combination shall be filtered to provide an outputcorresponding to the luminosity response of the 1931 CIEStandard Colorimetric Observer with CIE Standard IlluminantC or, alternatively, Illuminant A. The output shall be propor-tional to within 1 % to the incident flux ov
27、er the range of fluxused. The photometric stability for source and detector must beconstant throughout the test of each specimen.7.1.3 Use an integrating sphere to collect transmitted flux;the sphere may be of any diameter as long as the total portareas do not exceed 4.0 % of the internal reflecting
28、 area of thesphere. The entrance and exit ports shall be centered on thesame great circle of the sphere, and there shall be at least 2.97rad (170) of arc between centers. The exit port shall subtendan angle of 0.14 rad (8) at the center of the entrance port. Withthe light trap in position, without t
29、he specimen, the axis of theirradiating beam shall pass through the centers of the entranceand exit ports. For a hazemeter, position the photocell orphotocells on the sphere 1.57 6 0.17 rad (90 6 10) from theentrance port and baffle it from direct exposure to the entranceport. In the pivotable modif
30、ication where the interior walladjacent to the exit port is used as the reflectance reference, theangle of rotation of the sphere shall be 0.140 6 0.008 rad (8.06 0.5).7.1.4 Illuminate the specimen by a substantially unidirec-tional beam; the maximum angle that any ray of this beam maymake with the
31、beam axis shall not exceed 0.05 rad (3). Thisbeam shall not be vignetted at either port of the sphere.7.1.5 When the specimen is placed against the entrance portof the integrating sphere, the angle between the perpendicularto the specimen and a line connecting the centers of entranceand exit ports s
32、hall not exceed 0.14 rad (8).7.1.6 When the beam is unobstructed by a specimen, itscross section at the exit port shall be approximately circular,sharply defined, and concentric within the exit port, leaving anannulus of 0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 6 0.1) subtended at theentrance port.NOTE 3It is importa
33、nt to verify whether the unobstructed-beamdiameter and centering at the exit port are maintained, especially if thesource aperture and focus are changed.NOTE 4The tolerance stated on the annulus of 0.002 rad (0.1)corresponds to an uncertainty of 60.6 % in a haze reading.8This isrelevant for assessin
34、g the precision and bias of this test method.6Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., and Chen, Y., “On the Measurement of Haze,” ColorResearch and Application, Vol 10, 1985, pp. 219224.7Hazemeters made by BYK-Gardner, Inc., 2435 Linden Lane, Silver Spring,MD 20910, meet these requirements. Other manufacturers of th
35、is equipment, whichmeet the requirements, may exist but have not been identified.8Weidner, V. R., and Hsia, J. J., “NBS Reference Hazemeter: Its Developmentand Testing,” Applied Optics, Vol 18, 1979, pp. 16191626.D 100327.1.7 The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sphere,baffles, and reflec
36、tance standard, if used, shall be of equalreflectance, matte, and highly reflecting throughout the visiblespectrum.97.1.8 A light trap shall be provided that will absorb the beamcompletely when no specimen is present, or the instrumentdesign shall obviate the need for a light trap.7.1.9 A schematic
37、drawing of the optics of a hazemeter withunidirectional illumination and diffuse viewing is shown inFig. 1.7.1.10 A series of calibrated haze standards is required forperiodic verification of the accuracy of instrumental response.Ideally, if the haze of narrow-angle-scattering specimens (suchas plas
38、tic films) is to be measured, narrow-angle-scatteringglass standards should be used;7,8however, these are notknown to be commercially available. In their absence, wide-angle-plastic standards10may be used, but these are lesssensitive to the size and centering of the annulus described byBillmeyer and
39、 Chen6and Weidner and Hsia,9and particularattention should be paid to Note 1 when only plastic hazestandards are used.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 Determine the following four readings:ReadingDesignationSpecimenin PositionLight Trapin PositionReflectanceStandardin PositionQuantity RepresentedT1no no yes inci
40、dent lightT2yes no yes total light transmitted byspecimenT3no yes no light scattered by instru-mentT4yes yes no light scattered by instru-ment and specimen7.2.2 Repeat readings for T1,T2,T3, and T4with additionalspecified positions of the specimen to determine uniformity.7.3 Calculation11:7.3.1 Calc
41、ulate total transmittance, Tt(Note 5), equal toT2/T1.7.3.2 Calculate diffuse transmittance, Td(Note 5), as fol-lows:Td5 T42 T3T2/ T1!# / T1(1)7.3.3 Calculate percent haze as follows:haze 5 Td/ Tt3 100 (2)NOTE 5To obtain the greatest accuracy in luminous transmittancemeasurement when using a single-b
42、eam instrument, it is necessary to usea standard, calibrated with a double-beam instrument, because insertion ofthe sample in the single-beam instrument changes the efficiency of thesphere. This change may result in spuriously high readings for clear,colorless samples and significant errors for dark
43、 or highly saturated colors.In these cases, the photometer should be used as a comparison instrumentwith a standard of known transmittance similar to that of the specimen.For greatest accuracy of luminous transmittance measurement, comparethe transmittance of the specimen with that of a calibrated s
44、tandard ofsimilar luminous transmittance.7.4 Report:7.4.1 Report the following data:7.4.1.1 Source and identity of specimen,7.4.1.2 Nominal thickness of specimen to the nearest 0.025mm,7.4.1.3 Total luminous transmittance, Tt, to the nearest0.1 % (indicate the average when reporting average values a
45、ndspecify whether CIE Illuminant C or A is used),7.4.1.4 Diffuse luminous transmittance, Td, to the nearest0.1 % (indicate the average when reporting average values),and7.4.1.5 Percent haze, to the nearest 0.1 % (indicate theaverage when reporting average values).7.5 Precision and BiasHazemeter:7.5.
46、1 Precision:7.5.1.1 Table 1 and Table 2 are based on a round robinconducted in 1985, in accordance with Practice E 691, involv-ing six film materials tested by 11 laboratories. In the roundrobin, each laboratory that measured a property made eightreplicate measurements of the property for each of th
47、e sixmaterials listed as 1 to 6 in Table 1 and Table 2.7.5.1.2 Table 3 is based on a round robin conducted in 1991involving eight materials and six laboratories. This table can bedirectly compared to Table 4 (Spectrophotometer).NOTE 6Caution: The following explanations of r and R (7.5.1.3-7.5.1.7) a
48、re intended to present only a meaningful way of considering theapproximate precision of this test method. The data in Tables 1-3 shouldnot be applied rigorously to acceptance or rejection of material, as thosedata are specific to the round robin and may not be representative of other9Highly reflecti
49、ve matte barium sulfate paint or pressed polytetrafluoroethylenepowder are excellent for this purpose. See Practice E 259.10Calibrated plastic haze standards are available from BYK-Gardner, Inc., 2435Linden Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20910.11See Appendix X1 for derivation of formulas.FIG. 1 Schematic of HazemeterTABLE 1 Summary of 1985 Procedure A (Hazemeter) Total HazeRound Robin Involving Eleven LaboratoriesMaterial Average S(r) S(R) r R3 3.8 0.10 0.33 0.28 0.941 8.7 0.18 0.42 0.50 1.182 13.5 0.08 0.40 0.23 1.124 18.0 0.27 0.61 0.76 1.725 21.0 0.41
