1、Designation: D1014 18Standard Practice forConducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints and Coatingson Metal Substrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers pro
3、cedures to be followed for directexposure of exterior paints and coatings to the environmentwhen applied to metal surfaces. When originators of a weath-ering test have the actual exposure conducted by a separateagency, the specific conditions for the exposure of test andcontrol specimens should be c
4、learly defined and mutuallyagreed upon between all parties.1.2 Experience indicates that the metal used as a testsubstrate has a significant effect upon weathering results. Thepurpose of this practice is to define specific steel and othermetal surfaces to be used for testing in order to minimize thi
5、ssource of variability.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parenthesis are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
6、andard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision
7、 on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA283/A283M Specification for Low an
8、d Intermediate Ten-sile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateB449 Specification for Chromates on AluminumD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings
9、, andRelated Coating ProductsD610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on PaintedSteel SurfacesD660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking ofExterior PaintsD661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking ofExterior PaintsD662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion ofExterior Pai
10、ntsD714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering ofPaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test PanelsD1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film T
11、hick-ness of Organic CoatingsD1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or CoatedSpecimens Subjected to Corrosive EnvironmentsD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum andAluminum-Alloy Sur
12、faces for PaintingD2200 Practice for Use of Pictorial Surface PreparationStandards and Guides for Painting Steel SurfacesD2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and RelatedCoating ProductsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances an
13、dColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-ence With a Gray Scale1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSu
14、bcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1014 09 which waswithdrawn January 2018 and reinstated in April 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D1014-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
15、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,
16、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
17、 Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2803 Guide for Testing Filiform Corrosion Resistance ofOrganic Coatings on MetalD3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape TestD4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalkingof Exterior
18、 Paint FilmsD7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous MetalsE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement
19、by Tristimulus ColorimetryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-ing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice f
20、or Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests2.2 Other Standard:SSPC Method 1 Test Panel Preparation Method No 1,Uncontaminated Rusted Steel SSPC33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in TerminologiesE41 and G113 are applicable to thi
21、s practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended toaid in evaluating the performance of coatings on various metalpanels including either new or rusted steel.4.2 The relative durability of paints in outdoor exposurescan be very different depending on the lo
22、cation of the exposurebecause of differences in solar radiation, time of wetness,temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannotbe assumed that results from one exposure in a single locationwill be useful for determining relative durability in a differentlocation. Exposures in sever
23、al locations with different climateswhich represent a broad range of anticipated service conditionsare recommended.4.2.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, re-sults from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict theabsolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years ofre
24、peat exposures are needed to get an “average” test result fora given location.4.2.2 Solar radiation varies considerably as function of timeof year. This can cause large differences in the apparent rate ofdegradation in many polymers. Comparing results for materialsexposed for short periods (less tha
25、n one year) is not recom-mended unless materials are exposed at the same time in thesame location.4.3 The Significance and Use in Practice G7 addressesmany variables to be considered in exterior exposure tests.Guide G141 provides more information on variability inweathering testing.5. Materials Used
26、 for Test Specimens5.1 A minimum of two and preferably four test specimensshall be used to evaluate the performance of any paint system.5.2 The surface preparation shall be the same for all testpanels in the test program unless surface preparation is one ofthe variables to be evaluated. Surface prep
27、aration shall beessentially identical for all test panels, as the thoroughness ofpreparation may directly determine the performance life of theapplied coating system.5.3 Steel PanelsUnless otherwise specified, fabricate steeltest panels from the same material over which the coating isexpected to per
28、form in-service, when the exact composition ofthe substrate is known. Any of the following surfaces may beused.5.3.1 Abrasive Blasted Steel PlateThe steel plate shallconform to Specification A36/A36M or Specification A283/A283M. The minimum thickness shall be 1.6 mm (116 in.). Theminimum size shall
29、be 75 by 150 mm (3 by 6 in.). Burrs andsharp projections shall be removed from the edges by filing.The test panels shall be freed of oil by suitable grease-removing solvents in accordance with Procedures B, C, or D ofPractice D609. Unless otherwise specified and agreed upon, thesurface shall be blas
30、ted to meet the requirements of StandardD2200,Sa212 .5.3.2 Rusted SurfacesHot rolled steel angle or plate, orboth, are useful for determining the performance of paintsapplied to structures that cannot be thoroughly cleaned of rustand corrosion products. The steel angle and plate shall conformto Spec
31、ification A283/A283M. The steel angles shall be at least100 by 100 by 3.2 mm (4 by 4 by18 in.) in cross section and300 mm (12 in.) in length. The minimum size of the steel plateshall be 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) with a minimum thicknessof 1.6 mm (116 in.). Burrs and sharp projections shall beremove
32、d from the edges by filing. The test pieces shall be freedfrom oil by the use of suitable grease-removing solvents inaccordance with Procedures B, C, or D of Practice D609.Those persons desiring to test coatings over rusty or slightlyrusted surfaces (Note 1) should refer to Practice D2200, selectthe
33、 degree of rusting desired from the rust grades given, andutilize the degree of surface preparation that can be accom-plished in the field or on the job.5.3.2.1 When evaluating performance over rusty surfaces, itis recommended that substrates be pre-corroded (weathered) inthe same environment in whi
34、ch they will be ultimately beexposed. SSPC Method 1 describes this pre-aging procedure.Artificial rusting is permitted but conditions used must bestated in the test report.NOTE 1The environment in which the steel is rusted prior to paintinghas considerable influence on the performance of paint appli
35、ed to suchsteel.5.3.3 Cold-Rolled Steel StripCold-rolled steel strip has aslightly roughened surface free from mill scale and rust, and is3Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 800 Trumbull Dr.,Pittsburgh, PA 15205, http:/www.sspc.org.D1014 182useful for checking the relative perfor
36、mance of paints on aclean, uniform surface. The steel strip shall conform to one ofthe types described in Practice D609. The panels shall be notless than 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) in size and it isrecommended that all edges shall be smooth and uniformlyrounded. The metal panels shall be prepared by
37、 the agreedupon procedure (A, B, C, or D) in Practice D609.5.3.4 Galvanized SteelWhen galvanized steel panels areused, prepare test specimens according to Practice D2201.5.4 After surface preparation, steel panels shall be primecoated as soon as possible to prevent flash rusting or deposit ofany for
38、eign contaminant on the cleaned surface. After surfacepreparation, if the panels are stored prior to coating, precau-tions must be taken to preserve the clean surface.5.5 Aluminum PanelsUse aluminum panels that have thesame alloy, heat treatment, and surface treatment representativeof the aluminum s
39、ubstrate to which the coating may be appliedin field use.Aluminum alloys and heat treatments are describedin Specification B209. Typical aluminum alloys used fortesting coatings are 6061, 5052, and 3024. The minimumthickness shall be 0.5 mm (0.020 in.). The minimum size shallbe 75 by 150 mm (3 by 6
40、in.).5.5.1 Aluminum panels are typically prepared with a con-version coating to promote coating adhesion and to preventcorrosion of the aluminum. Chromate conversion coatings aredescribed in Specification B449. Non-chrome conversion coat-ings may also be used if agreed upon by all interested parties
41、.Follow Practices D1730 when preparing aluminum and alumi-num alloy test specimens.6. Test Specimens6.1 Apply all coatings in strict accordance with the coatingmanufacturers written recommendations. If known, themethod of application expected for the production work on thejob should also be used for
42、 test panel application.6.2 If the method of application is unknown, select one ofthe following (Note 2):Automatic Spray MachineAutomatic Dip CoaterManual Spray ApplicationMotor Driven Blade ApplicatorBrush ApplicationRoller CoatingCurtain CoatingNOTE 2Details for the application of paint are given
43、in PracticesD823.6.2.1 Powder coating application using techniques such asfluid bed dip or electrostatic fluid bed may also be used whereappropriate.6.3 Measure and record the film thickness of each coat inaccordance with Test Method D7091. If the panel is covered byrust and mill scale, these method
44、s will be less accurate, as theyare influenced by the surface characteristics of this base metal.In such cases, approximation can be made by wet filmthickness measurements in accordance with Test MethodsD1212, or the amount of paint applied to a known area can beweighed and the average dry film thic
45、kness computed.6.4 Allow the proper drying time between coats for multiplepaint systems and before exposure as required by the coatingsmanufacturer and include in the test record.6.5 Paint the back and edges of all test specimens with thesame systems as that tested on the front of each panel. Thispa
46、inting provides considerable information on the behavior ofpaint systems on the reverse side. Back and edge painting mayalso provide “insulating” properties that allow metal panels tobe mounted on metal racks.6.5.1 The edges of steel panels may be coated or wrapped toprevent rusting.6.6 The test spe
47、cimens may be scribed to base metal prior toexposure. Unless otherwise specified, scribe panels accordingto Test Method D1654.6.7 Unless otherwise specified, follow the procedures de-scribed in Practice G147 for labeling, shipping, and condition-ing / handling of test specimens.7. Location of Test S
48、ites and Exposure Requirements7.1 Test SitesThe climatic conditions of the test sitesshould be representative of those of the area in which the paintsare to be used. The type and rate of failure of a paint film willvary when exposed to different combinations of climatic andatmospheric conditions. Fo
49、r reliable results, exposure sitesshould be selected that are representative geographically,climatically, and in atmospheric contaminations with those ofthe locality in which the paint will be used. To obtainconclusions that are valid for paints with national distributionrequires exposure at several sites, selected to cover a widerange in climatic conditions. Suggested sites include southFlorida, Great Lakes region, hot desert southwest, thenortheast, and extreme southern Louisiana.7.2 Conduct all exposures according to Practice G7.7.3 Exposure OrientationUnless ot
