1、Designation: D1044 081D1044 13Standard Test Method forResistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1 NOTEEditorially corrected Note 9 in February 2012.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes a procedure for estimating the resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surface abrasionby measuring the change in optical properties.1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numerically quantified by calculating the difference in haze percentage in
4、accordance with Test Method D1003 between an abraded and unabraded specimen.1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002 and September 2004 have been found to give different results thanhistorical values. Comparisons of data using these wheels should be made with caution. Results using wheels
5、 made after September2004 have agreed with those obtained before October 2002.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 1This test method is equivalent to ISO 3537 in the measurement of resistance to abrasion inof
6、ISO 3537, Section 7, 7 and ISO 15082, Section11, but is not equivalent to ISO 3537 in any other measurement or section. This test method is not equivalent to ISO 9352ISO 9352, and results cannotbe directly compared between the two methods.NOTE 2This test method is similar to ANSI/SAE Z26.1ANSI/SAE Z
7、26.1, , Test 17.NOTE 3Prior attempts to employ the TaberAbraser for volume loss determinations of various plastics2 have been unsuccessful because of excessivelylarge coefficients of variation attributed to the data. Insufficient agreement among the participating laboratories has rendered the use of
8、 volume lossprocedure inadvisable as an ASTM test method.NOTE 4For determining the resistance to abrasion of organic coatings by weight loss, reference is made to Test Method D4060, which uses moreaggressive CS-10 or CS-17 abrasive wheels. It suffers from poor reproducibility between laboratories wh
9、en numerical abrasion resistance values are used.Interlaboratory agreement improves significantly when ranking a series of coatings for their abrasion resistance.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the
10、user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Tran
11、sparent PlasticsD4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic MaterialsD4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber AbraserE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a
12、Rotary Platform Abraser2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3537 Road VehiclesSafety Glazing MaterialsMechanical TestsISO 9352 PlasticsDetermination of Resistance to Wear by Abrasive WheelsISO 15082 Road VehiclesTests for Rigid Plastic Safety Glazing Materials1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
13、ommittee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2008Sept. 1, 2013. Published March 2008September 2013. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20052008as D1044 - 05.D1044 - 081. DOI: 10
14、.1520/D1044-08E01.10.1520/D1044-13.2 Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-48 and RR:D20-1090.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, r
15、efer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indic
16、ation of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be co
17、nsidered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ANSI Standards:4ANSI/SAE Z26.1 Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicle and
18、Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on LandHighwaysAbrasion Resistance, Test 17 (Plastics)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasionabrasive wear caused by displacement or rearrangement of a softer material due to rubbing or scuffing againsthard sharp particles.3.1.2 hazeIn accordance with Test Meth
19、od D1003, that percentage of transmitted light which in passing through the specimendeviates from the incident beam by forward scattering. For the purpose of this test method, only light flux deviating more than0.044 rad (2.5) on the average is considered to be haze.3.1.3 refacepreparation of an abr
20、asive wheel on a conditioning stone prior to use in testing.3.1.4 wheelan abrasive wheel consisting of hard particles (aluminum oxide) embedded in resilient binder.4. Significance and Use4.1 Transparent plastic materials, when used as windows or enclosures, are subject to wiping and cleaning; hence
21、themaintenance of optical quality of a material after abrasion is important. It is the purpose of this test method to provide a meansof estimating the resistance of such materials to this type and degree of abrasion.4.2 Although this test method does not provide fundamental data, it is suitable for
22、grading materials relative to this type ofabrasion in a manner which correlates with service.4.3 Comparison of interlaboratory data or the specification of a “haze” value has no significance if the hazemeter requirementsgiven in 5.4 are not used. This is because light diffused from the surface of a
23、Taber track is scattered at a narrow angle (Fig. 1 andFig. 2) while light diffused internally by a specimen is scattered at a wide angle. In many hazemeters, when a diaphragm is insertedto limit the light beam to the width of the abraded track, the specular beam at the exit port becomes smaller. The
24、 dark annulus willthen be greater than the 0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 6 0.1) requirements of Test Method D1003. Since a large percentage of theNOTE 1This photograph shows light pattern of the scattering from the surface of a Taber abraded specimen. The circles show how increasing the1.3 dark annulus dra
25、matically changes the amount of light impacting the sphere wall.FIG. 1 Light Scattering from Surface of Abraded Tracks (Photograph)D1044 132narrow-angle forward-scattered light will not impinge on the sphere wall, “haze” readings become smaller. For hazemeters thathave not been properly adjusted, th
26、e magnitude of this reduction is dependent both on the integrating sphere diameter and thereduction of the entrance beam.4.4 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some proceduralmodifications that take precedence when adhering to the spe
27、cification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that materialspecification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards thatcurrently exist.4.5 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber abraser may be subject to variation du
28、e to changes in the abrasivecharacteristics of the wheel during testing.4.5.1 Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pickup transfer of coating or other materials from test specimens and must be cleaned at frequent intervals.4.
29、5.2 The type of material being tested and the number of test cycles being run is known to sometimes influence the temperatureof the running surface of the wheel with an affecteffect on the final haze measurement. To reduce any variability due to thistemperature effect, stabilize the wheels surface t
30、emperature prior to performing actual measurements. This shall be accomplishedby conducting multiple refacings on an ST-11 refacing stone, followed by a test on the sample material to be tested (with resultsto be discarded).5. Apparatus5.1 AbraderThe Taber abraser or its equivalent, as described in
31、Guide G195 and consisting of the following elements:5.1.1 A horizontal turntable platform; comprised of a rubber pad, clamp plate, and nut to secure the specimen to the turntable.5.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a speed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110v/60Hz or 60 6 2 r/min
32、for230v/50Hz.5.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms, to which the abrasive wheels and auxiliary masses (if used) would be attached; loads of 500 or1000 gf on the wheels are obtained by use of changeable weights.NOTE 5Without auxiliary masses or counterweights applied, each arm will apply a load against the sp
33、ecimen of 250 gf per wheel (exclusive of themass of the wheel itself).5.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzle to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen surfaceduring testing. The height of the vacuum pick-up nozzle shall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be
34、 11 mm (716 in.) indiameter.NOTE 6The nominal nozzle openings are 8 mm (516 in.) and can be enlarged following the instructions shown in Appendix X2.5.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions) made by the turntable platform.NOTE 1This graph shows goniophotometric curves for Taber ab
35、raded tracks. The specular angle of transmission is at 180.FIG. 2 Light Scattering from Surface of Abraded Tracks (Graph)D1044 1335.2 Refacing StoneThe fine side of a ST-11 refacing stone (or equivalent) shall be used for refacing the abrasive wheels. Itis important that the turntable platform runs
36、true on the abraser and that the refacing stone lies flat on the turntable platform.5.3 Abrasive WheelsThe grade of wheel designated CS-10F5 shall be used, and shall meet the following requirements at thetime of the test:5.3.1 The wheel shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm wide and have an external diameter of 51
37、.9 6 0.5 mm when new, and in no case lessthan 44.4 mm, and5.3.2 The wheel shall not be used after the date stamped on it.5.4 HazemeterAn integrating sphere photoelectric photometer, as described in Test Method D1003, shall be used to measurethe light scattered by the abraded track. If haze measureme
38、nts are made with other devices or by other methods, a correlation shallbe established with the results obtained with the apparatus and method described in Test Method D1003.5.4.1 An aperture or diaphragm shall be centrally inserted in the haze measuring apparatus to center the light beam on theabra
39、ded track and limit it to a diameter of 7 6 1 mm 0.28(0.28 6 0.04 in.) at the specimen.5.4.2 When the reduced light beam is unobstructed by a specimen, its cross section at the exit port shall be approximatelycircular, sharply defined, uniformly bright, and concentric within the exit port, leaving a
40、n annulus of 0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 60.1) subtended at the entrance port.NOTE 7Uniformity of the light intensity is usually checked by observing the beam through thin bond paper placed at the exit port.NOTE 8Forward-scattering glass standards6 can be used to check that the optical system of the haze
41、meter is properly adjusted.5.5 Specimen HolderA suitable holder shall be used to permit positioning the abraded specimen on the hazemeter so that thelight beam is centered in the abraded track and the specimen is flush at the measurement port.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimens shall be clean, t
42、ransparent disks approximately 100 mm in diameter or plates approximately 100 mmsquare, having both surfaces substantially plane and parallel. They may be cut from sheets or molded in thicknesses up to 12.7mm (12 in.). A 6.3-mm (14-in.) hole shall be centrally drilled in each specimen. Three such sp
43、ecimens shall be tested per sample,except for interlaboratory or specification tests when ten specimens shall be tested.7. Calibration7.1 Verify calibration of the Taber abraser as directed by the equipment manufacturer (see Appendix X1).8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningUnless otherwise specified, con
44、dition the test specimens at 23 6 2C 73.4(73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 %relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test in accordance with ProcedureAof Practice test. D618. In cases of disagreement,the tolerances shall be 61C 61.8F)(61.8F) and 62 % relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct test
45、s in the standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 6 2C 73.4(73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 %relative humidity, unless otherwise specified. In cases of disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61C 61.8F)(61.8F) and 62 %relative humidity.NOTE 9The change in percent of haze significantly worsens when humidity level
46、s are less than 45 %.9. Standardization of Abrading Wheels9.1 To ensure that the abrading function of the wheels is maintained at a constant level, prepare the abrading wheels prior toeach test.9.1.1 Mount the wheels on their respective flange holders, taking care not to handle them by their abrasiv
47、e surfaces.9.1.2 Select the load to be used and affix it to the abraser. If no load is specified, use a load of 500 gf (per wheel).9.1.3 Mount an ST-117 refacing stone (or equivalent) on the turntable, fine side up, and secure using the nut.9.1.4 Lower the vacuum nozzle and adjust its height to with
48、in 0.8 to 1.6 mm (132 to 116 in.) of the refacing stone. Set the vacuumsuction force to 100.9.1.5 Lower the arms so the wheels contact the surface of the ST-11 refacing stone.9.2 Before abrading each specimen, reface the wheels for 25 cycles on the fine side of the ST-11 refacing stone. After refaci
49、ng,use a soft bristle, anti-static brush to lightly brush the wheel surfaces to remove any loose particulate matter before abrading aspecimen. (WarningDo not touch the running surface of the wheels after they are refaced. New wheels or wheels trued using5 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will rec
