1、Designation: D1061/D1061M 95 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forAsbestos Lap1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1061/D1061M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos lap, a felted asbestosproduct, having a minimum of 75 mass % of asbestos fiber.1.2 The values stated in
3、 either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 Warning
4、Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe
5、use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods, Section 12, described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concer
6、ns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. For specific safety hazard, see 1.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in a
7、ccor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1
8、ASTM Standards:3D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of Asbestos Tex-tilesD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile ter
9、ms used in thisspecification refer to Terminology D123. For asbestos termsrefer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestosa group of impure silicate minerals occur-ring in fibrous form.3.2.2 asbestos fiberthe hydrous magnesium silicate ser-pentine mineral designated as chrysotile and having
10、 the em-pirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.3 atmosphere for testing textilesfor asbestos, air main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.4 lap, nfor asbestos, a flat compressed form of cardedor otherwise felted asbestos fiber, with or without carrier fibers.3.2.5 magnetic rating (M
11、R)an empirical value that reflectsthe effect of magnetic particles, such as magnetic ironcompounds, in asbestos material as measured by a magneticanalyzer.NOTE 1Magnetic rating is not a quantitative measure of the number ormass of magnetic particles in the material.4. Classifications4.1 StylesThe st
12、yle of asbestos lap refers to the physicalconstruction. Two styles are available:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current e
13、dition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1061/D1061M 95(2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/D1061_D1061M-95R17.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
14、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard wa
15、s developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.1.1 Style
16、1A single compressed flat formation of cardedor otherwise felted asbestos fibers, and4.1.2 Style 2A flat parallel assemblage of compressedcarded asbestos slivers.4.2 GradesThe grades of asbestos lap are based on themass percentage of asbestos content as stated in Table 1.4.3 Mass per Unit LengthAsbe
17、stos lap is normally fur-nished in the following nominal linear densities:g/m lb/100 yd20 450 1070 14100 20150 30Other linear densities may be furnished as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the seller.4.4 Types:4.4.1 Asbestos lap as made for the electrical industry isfurnished in three types, cla
18、ssified on the basis of magneticrating determinations (Test Method D1118) as follows:4.4.2 Type II (Magnetic Rating 0.75 Maximum) is intendedonly for special applications where the asbestos is of primaryimportance as electrical insulation used on magnet wire andwhen used primarily as a dielectric.4.
19、4.3 Type IV (Magnetic Rating 2.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of secondary importance aselectrical insulation and where it is applied in combination withother materials of comparably higher dielectric strength, as inthe construction of heat and flame resistant electrical insula
20、tingwalls over unit conductors of electric cables.4.4.4 Type VI (Magnetic Rating 4.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of minor importance as adielectric, as in the construction of filler or heat and flameresistant walls of electric cables or when used as a lining forcontrol enclosu
21、res subject to exposure to electric arcs (arcchutes).5. Ordering Information5.1 State the style, grade, mass per unit length (weight), andquantity required.5.2 If required for electrical insulation, state this require-ment and the type needed.5.3 Dimensions of the finished lap and the packaging are
22、asagreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. See 14.1.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Asbestos lap shall be made from a uniformly carded orotherwise felted blend of fibers.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Asbestos ContentThe asbestos content of the particu-lar grade shall be within the limits state
23、d in Table 1.7.2 Carrier FibersThe chemical composition of carrierfibers shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.8. Physical Properties8.1 Electromagnetic PropertiesThe magnetic rating of theparticular type of lap shall be within the limits in 4.4 to 4.4.4.8.2 Carrier FibersThe p
24、hysical properties of the carrierfibers shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Mass per Unit LengthThe linear density in grams permetres or pounds per 100 yards shall conform to the limitsstated in Table 2.9.2 WidthThe width of
25、the lap shall be within 6 mm 0.25in. of the width agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.10. Sampling10.1 Take five sample rolls at random from each lot of 700to 900 kg 1500 to 2000 lb or fraction thereof.11. Specimen Preparation11.1 ConditioningCondition all specimens in the atmo-sphere for te
26、sting asbestos textiles (without preconditioning)for a minimum of 4 h, or until the specimen shows noprogressive change in mass of more than 0.1 % after anexposure of 0.5 h.11.2 Number of Specimens:11.2.1 Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified inan applicable material specification, take a
27、number of speci-mens such that the user may expect at the 95 % probabilitylevel that the test result is more than 15.0 grains per linear yard1.13 g/m above or below the true average (for the lot).Determine the number of specimens as follows:11.2.2 Reliable Estimate of Standard DeviationWhenthere is
28、a reliable estimate of standard deviation(s) based uponextensive past records for similar materials tested in the userslaboratory as directed in the method, calculate the number ofspecimens using Eq 1:n 5 t23s2!/E25 0.0170 3s2(1)TABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos LapGrade Asbestos Content, mass, %Commercial
29、 75 up to but excluding 80Underwriters 80 up to but excluding 85A 85 up to but excluding 90AA 90 up to but excluding 95AAA 95 up to but excluding 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiveTABLE 2 Limits in Mass per Unit Length for Asbestos LapNominalMass perUnit LengthPermissible Range for 1-m or 1-yd SpecimensAver
30、age of Five Specimens Individual Specimensg/mlb/100ydg/m lb/100 yd g/m lb/100 yd20 4 17.0 to 18.4 3.43 to 3.71 16.0 to 19.5 3.21 to 3.9350 10 50.3 to 56.0 10.14 to 11.29 47.9 to 58.5 9.64 to 11.7970 14 67.4 to 74.4 13.57 to 15.00 63.8 to 78.0 12.86 to 15.71100 20 101.0 to 111.7 20.36 to 22.50 95.7 t
31、o 117.0 19.29 to 23.57150 30 134.7 to 148.9 27.14 to 30.00 127.6 to 156.0 25.71 to 31.43D1061/D1061M 95 (2017)2where:n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),s = reliable estimate of the standard deviation of indi-vidual observations on similar materials in theusers laboratory under
32、 conditions of single-operator precision,t = 1.960, the value of Students t for infinite degreesof freedom, for two-sided limits, and a 95 %probability level (t2= 3.842),E = 1.13 g/m 21.4 lb/100 yd, the value of the allow-able variation, and0.0170 = value calculated from t2/E2.11.3 No Reliable Estim
33、ate of Standard DeviationWhenthere is no reliable estimate of standard deviation(s) for theusers laboratory, Eq 1 should not be used directly. Instead,specify the fixed number of ten specimens. This number ofspecimens is calculated using s = 1.64 g/m 0.33 lb/100 yd,which is a somewhat larger value o
34、f s than is usually found inpractice. When a reliable estimate of s for the users laboratorybecomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewer than tenspecimens.12. Test Methods12.1 Mass per Unit Length:12.1.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination oflength per unit mass (weight) of asbestos
35、 lap.12.1.2 Significance and UseThe length per unit mass(weight) is the most significant dimension of asbestos lap. Thisdetermines its suitability with regard to bulk for specificapplications.12.1.3 HazardsWarningsee .12.1.4 ProcedureFrom each of the five rolls selected asdirected in Section 11,take
36、a16 0.01 m 1 6 0.01-yd testspecimen. Take care that each specimen is not scuffed or torn.Weigh each of the five conditioned specimens to the nearest 0.5g 0.001 lb and calculate the average mass per unit length ofthe five specimens.12.1.5 Precision and Bias:12.1.5.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages o
37、f fiveobservations, the differences should not exceed in 95 out of100 cases where all observations are taken by the samewell-trained operator using the same equipment and specimensrandomly drawn from the sample of material. Larger differ-ences are likely to occur under all other circumstances.12.1.5
38、.2 Interlaboratory Test Data4An interlaboratory testwas run in 1973 in which randomly drawn samples of onematerial were tested in each of five laboratories. Each labora-tory used one operator who tested five specimens. The com-ponents of variance for linear density results were calculated tobe as fo
39、llows:Single-operator component 1.17 g/m 0.236 lb/100 ydBetween-laboratory component 0.00 g/m 0.000 lb/100 yd12.1.5.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance re-ported in 12.1.5.2, two averages of observed values should beconsidered significantly different at the 95 % probability levelif the differe
40、nce equals or exceeds the critical differences listedin Table 3.NOTE 2The tabulated values of the critical differences in Table 3should be considered to be a general statement, particularly with respectto between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can bemade about two specific labor
41、atories, the amount of statistical bias, if any,between them must be established; with each comparison being based onrecent data obtained on randomized specimens from one sample of thematerials to be tested.12.1.5.4 BiasNo justifiable statement on the accuracy ofthis procedure can be made since the
42、true value of the propertycannot be established by an accepted referee method.12.2 Electromagnetic PropertiesDetermine the magneticrating on one or more specimens from each lot or unit taken fortest, as directed in Test Method D1118.12.3 Asbestos ContentDetermine the asbestos content asdirected in T
43、est Method D1918.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 The purchaser and the seller may agree on a procedureto establish conformance, including control charts furnished bythe seller, a sequential sampling plan, or the double-samplingplan outlined in 13.2.13.2 In the absence of a control-chart or sequentia
44、l-sampling plan, proceed as directed in 13.2.1 through 13.2.3.13.2.1 If the test results for the lot conform to the tolerancesfor all characteristics specified in Section 4 to 9, consider thelot a valid delivery.13.2.2 If the test results for one or more characteristics donot conform to the toleranc
45、es, take a new laboratory samplefrom either the original lot sample or a new lot sample. Test thenew sample for the characteristic(s) that did not conform to thetolerances in the first test, and average the results of the firstand second samples as if all results were from one test ofdouble the orig
46、inal number of specimens. If the new average(s)conform(s) to the specified tolerances, consider the lot a validdelivery.13.2.3 If the test results obtained as directed in 13.2.2 do notconform to the specified tolerances, consider the lot a nonvaliddelivery.14. Packaging14.1 Asbestos lap, wound on pa
47、per tubes, is packaged inrolls that vary in size in accordance with the number of sliversin the assemblage.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D13-1063.TABLE 3 Precision and ReproducibilityNumber ofObservationsin Eac
48、hAverageCritical DifferencesAfor the Conditions DescribedSingle-Operator Precision(Repeatability)Interlaboratory(Reproducibility)g/m lb/100 yd g/m lb/100 yd1 3.25 0.653 3.25 0.6532 2.30 0.461 2.30 0.4615 1.45 0.293 1.45 0.29310 1.03 0.207 1.03 0.207AThe critical differences were calculated using = 1
49、.96, which is based on infinitedegrees of freedom.D1061/D1061M 95 (2017)315. Keywords15.1 asbestos; asbestos lap; classification; lap; testingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
