1、Designation: D1140 14Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-m (No.200) Sieve in Soils by Washing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test
3、methods cover the determination of theamount of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve bywashing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3in.).1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use ofwater or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finerthan a 75-m (No. 200) siev
4、e. During these processes solublesubstances, such as salts and other minerals, may also beremoved. It is not within the scope of this standard todifferentiate between the removal of fine particles and solublesubstances. It is recommended that materials containing sig-nificant amounts of soluble subs
5、tances be tested using othermethods of separation.1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of materialfiner than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve are provided. The methodto be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If nomethod is specified, the choice should be based upon theguidance given i
6、n 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.1.3.1 Method ATest specimen is dispersed by soaking inwater prior to wash sieving.1.3.2 Method BTest specimen is dispersed by soaking in adispersing solution prior to wash sieving.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. Except the sieve designations
7、are typically iden-tified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Speci-fication E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the“standard” of 75-mm and 75-m, respectively. Reporting oftest results in units other than SI shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this test method. The use
8、of balances orscales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.5.1 The proced
9、ures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining th
10、e data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis
11、 methods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
12、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples ofAggregate to TestingSizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetrati
13、on Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified
14、 Soil Classification System)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originall
15、yapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1140 00 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D1140-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)
17、D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Pra
18、ctice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation OvensE177 Practice for Us
19、e of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Speci
20、fic to This Standard:3.2.1 guard sievea sieve or sieves that are placed over theactual wash sieve and are constructed of wire mesh instead ofwire cloth.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe guard sieve(s) acts to preventcoarse particles from contacting the wire cloth of the washsieve resulting in punctures, tears,
21、and damage that may requirethe sieve to be replaced.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A soil specimen is washed over a 75-m (No. 200)sieve. Clay, silt, and other particles that are dispersed by thewash water, as well as water-soluble materials, are removedfrom the soil during the test. The loss in mass r
22、esulting fromthe wash treatment is calculated as mass percent of the originalsample specimen and is reported as the percentage of materialfiner than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve by washing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve can beseparated from larger particles or soil
23、 aggregations can bebroken down much more efficiently and completely by wetsieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate deter-minations of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve aredesired, these test methods are used on the test specimen priorto dry sieving, or as a determination of
24、the percent of materialthat is finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve. Usually theadditional amount of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200)sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. Ifit is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should bechecked, as it could be an indication of
25、degradation of the soil(see Note 2).5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils con-taining fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen issoaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine andcoarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-m (No. 200)sieve.5.3 Method B sha
26、ll be used with soils, particularly clayeysoils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior andtends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate finegrain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in adispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-m (No.200) sieve.5.
27、4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize,the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plasticcharacteristics based upon procedures outlined in PracticeD2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdepende
28、nt on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that complian
29、ce with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.NOTE 2As outlined in 5.1, if the sample is dry sieved after washing,such as for Test Methods D422 or D6913, some material may
30、pass the75-m (No. 200) sieve that did not pass during washing operations. Thematerial passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve may be a significant amountfor samples with a high percentage of silt or clay.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale conforming to the require-ments of Specification D4753, havin
31、g a readability with noestimation to four significant digits. The mass of the specimenmay be determined in parts if necessary.6.2 Wash SieveA 75-m (No. 200) sieve with a diametersufficient to handle the required size of specimen in 9.4.Usually 203-mm (8-in.) diameter sieves are adequate for thewashi
32、ng process. The 75-m (No. 200) sieve shall have aminimum height above the screen of 50 mm (2 in.) to preventloss of retained material while washing. The sieve may bereinforced with a larger mesh supporting the 75-m (No. 200)mesh cloth. The reinforcing mesh shall be bonded to the sieveframe below the
33、 point where the 75-m (No. 200) cloth isattached. It is recommended that the sieve cloth be stainlesssteel to offer more resistance to wear and damage. The sieveshall conform to the requirements of Specification E11 forcompliance sieves.6.3 Guard Sieves (optional)A sieve or multiple sieveshaving a s
34、ieve opening of 425-m (No. 40) or larger. Thediameter of the guard sieve(s) frame shall be equal to or lessthan the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve when stacked. Guardsieves do not need to conform to the requirements of Specifi-cation E11.6.4 Drying OvenAn oven of sufficient size, thermostati-cally contro
35、lled and capable of maintaining a uniform tempera-ture of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).The oven shall meet the criteriaof Specification E145 and preferably be a forced draft oven.6.5 Specimen ContainersThe specimen containers shallbe made of smooth walled, corrosion resistant material and ofD1140 142sufficie
36、nt size to accommodate the test specimen. The contain-ers shall be without tight corners that may allow for material tolodge or become trapped.6.6 Washing Sink with Water Delivery SystemA sinkhaving a mechanism to deliver a stream of water directly to thewash sieve. The delivery system may be a rigi
37、d or flexible lineto facilitate the washing and transfer processes. The systempreferably will include a spray nozzle capable of easilyadjusting the flow of water used in the washing process. Thewater delivery system must have the ability to regulate thetemperature of the water.6.6.1 Water used for t
38、he washing process shall be main-tained close to room temperature to avoid expansion orcontraction of the sieve mesh cloth.6.7 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional)A device to obtain arepresentative smaller portion (specimen) from a larger portion(sample). This device has an even number of equal widthch
39、utes but not less than eight, which discharge alternately toeach side of the splitter. For dry material having particlescoarser than the 9.5 mm (38 in.), the minimum width of thechutes shall be approximately 1-12 times the largest particle inthe material being split, but not less than 12.5 mm (12 in
40、.).6.8 Quartering AccessoriesA hard, clean, level surfaceand a durable nonporous fabric or plastic sheet having approxi-mate dimensions of 2 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft): a straight edge scoop,shovel or trowel; a broom or brush.6.9 Dispersion Shaker (optional)A device to hold andvibrate the washing sieve ne
41、st while the water spray is directedonto the specimen contained in the sieve nest.6.10 Wash BottleUsed for transferring washed materialfrom the wash sieve into a drying container.7. Reagents7.1 DispersantSodium hexametaphosphate (may be re-ferred to as sodium metaphosphate) used in Method B tofacili
42、tate separation of fine grained particles in soils during thesoaking period.7.1.1 Sodium hexametaphosphate shall be mixed with waterat a concentration sufficient to disperse fine grained soilparticles. Dispersant that has not fully dissolved shall not bewashed through the wash sieve with the specime
43、n.8. Sieve Verification8.1 Prior to initial use, the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve mustbe examined for general condition and opening size of wirecloth for a compliance sieve as specified in Specification E11.Prior to each use, a visual examination of the wash sieve shallbe made to check for tears, separ
44、ations of the wire cloth fromthe rim or visible stretching of the wire cloth. If one of theseconditions exists, the sieve must be removed from service.8.2 Verification of the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve outlinedin Specification E11 shall be performed and documented on a12-month interval.9. Sampling9.1
45、 Procurement of the sample(s) shall be conducted inaccordance with Practice D75, D1586, D1587, or other stan-dard methods of sample collection, providing that the collec-tion process obtains a representative sampling of the soil (seeNote 3).9.1.1 The specimens may be obtained from bulk samples(bag o
46、r bucket samples), jar samples, tube (intact) samples orfrom samples or specimens that have been tested for otherproperties, such as consolidation, compressive strength orhydraulic conductivity.9.2 Thoroughly mix the soil sample and reduce the quantityfor testing to a mass meeting the requirements l
47、isted in 9.4. Thetest specimen shall be the end result of the reduction.9.3 The sample may be reduced to an acceptable size byusing one of several methods.9.3.1 For non-cohesive soils the sample can be placed on asolid surface, thoroughly mixed and quartered until the correctspecimen size is obtaine
48、d.9.3.2 The use of a riffle splitter may also be used to separatenon-cohesive soils, as described in Practice C702.Ifarifflesplitter is used, it must be limited to only two passes per sampleand only on soils that have little or no fines. If during thesplitting process dust is created, indicating the
49、 loss of fines, thespitting process should be stopped and the quartering methodof sample reduction should be used to complete the process.9.3.3 For jar samples it may be necessary to use the entiresample for the test.9.3.4 Intact samples may be non-cohesive soils but willnormally demonstrate cohesive properties. A representativesection of the sample should be selected. If additional samplereduction is necessary, the sample may be cut lengthwise intoquarters.9.4 Reduction to an exact predetermined mass is not per-mitted. The dry mass of
