1、Designation: D1140 14D1140 17Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-m (No.200) Sieve in Soils by Washing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 The
3、se test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve by washing ofmaterial with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a75-m (No
4、. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It isnot within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It isrecommended that materials containing significant amounts of
5、soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to beused shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the
6、guidance givenin 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.1.3.1 Method ATest specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.1.3.2 Method BTest specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the s
7、ieve designations are typically identifiedusing the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of75-mm and 75-m, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with thistest
8、method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with thisstandard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this test metho
9、d.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpos
10、e for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digi
11、ts used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of r
12、egulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)31 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014Feb. 1, 2017. Published November 2014February 2017. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in
14、20062014as D1140 00 (2006).D1140 14. DOI: 10.1520/D1140-14.10.1520/D1140-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on th
15、e ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
16、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this stan
17、dardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampli
18、ng of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identificat
19、ion of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
20、ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Force
21、d-Ventilation OvensE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Termi
22、nology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 guard sievea sieve or sieves that are placed over the actual wash sieve and are constructed of wire mesh instead of wirecloth.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe guard sieve(s) acts to prevent coarse particles from contacting the wire cloth of t
23、he wash sieve resulting in punctures, tears,and damage that may require the sieve to be replaced.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Asoil specimen is washed over a 75-m (No. 200) sieve. Clay, silt, and other particles that are dispersed by the wash water,as well as water-soluble materials, are removed fro
24、m the soil during the test. The loss in mass resulting from the wash treatmentis calculated as mass percent of the original sample specimen and is reported as the percentage of material finer than a 75-m (No.200) sieve by washing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) siev
25、e can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken downmuch more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of materialfiner than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specime
26、n prior to dry sieving, or as adetermination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finerthan a 75-m (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washingoperation
27、should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soakedin water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to wash
28、ing through the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tendsto adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersingsolut
29、ion prior to washing through the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plasticcharacteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.NOTE 1The
30、 quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspe
31、ction/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.NOTE 2As outlined in 5.1, if the sample is dry sieved after wash
32、ing, such as for Test Methods D422 or D6913, some material may pass the 75-m(No. 200) sieve that did not pass during washing operations. The material passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve may be a significant amount for sampleswith a high percentage of silt or clay.D1140 1726. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balan
33、ce or scale conforming to the requirements of Specification D4753, having a readability with noestimation to four significant digits. The mass of the specimen may be determined in parts if necessary.6.2 Wash SieveA 75-m (No. 200) sieve with a diameter sufficient to handle the required size of specim
34、en in 9.4. Usually203-mm (8-in.) diameter sieves are adequate for the washing process. The 75-m (No. 200) sieve shall have a minimum heightabove the screen of 50 mm (2 in.) to prevent loss of retained material while washing. The sieve may be reinforced with a largermesh supporting the 75-m (No. 200)
35、 mesh cloth. The reinforcing mesh shall be bonded to the sieve frame below the point wherethe 75-m (No. 200) cloth is attached. It is recommended that the sieve cloth be stainless steel to offer more resistance to wearand damage. The sieve shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11 for c
36、ompliance sieves.6.3 Guard Sieves (optional)A sieve or multiple sieves having a sieve opening of 425-m (No. 40) or larger. The diameter ofthe guard sieve(s) frame shall be equal to or less than the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve when stacked. Guard sieves do not needto conform to the requirements of Spec
37、ification E11.6.4 Drying OvenAn oven of sufficient size, thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of110 6 5C (230 6 9F). The oven shall meet the criteria of Specification E145 and preferably be a forced draft oven.6.5 Specimen ContainersThe specimen containers sha
38、ll be made of smooth walled, corrosion resistant material and ofsufficient size to accommodate the test specimen. The containers shall be without tight corners that may allow for material to lodgeor become trapped.6.6 Washing Sink with Water Delivery SystemA sink having a mechanism to deliver a stre
39、am of water directly to the washsieve. The delivery system may be a rigid or flexible line to facilitate the washing and transfer processes. The system preferablywill include a spray nozzle capable of easily adjusting the flow of water used in the washing process. The water delivery systemmust have
40、the ability to regulate the temperature of the water.6.6.1 Water used for the washing process shall be maintained close to room temperature to avoid expansion or contraction ofthe sieve mesh cloth.6.7 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional)A device to obtain a representative smaller portion (specimen) fro
41、m a larger portion(sample). This device has an even number of equal width chutes but not less than eight, which discharge alternately to each sideof the splitter. For dry material having particles coarser than the 9.5 mm (38 in.), the minimum width of the chutes shall beapproximately 1-12 times the
42、largest particle in the material being split, but not less than 12.5 mm (12 in.).6.8 Quartering AccessoriesA hard, clean, level surface and a durable nonporous fabric or plastic sheet having approximatedimensions of 2 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft): a straight edge scoop, shovel or trowel; a broom or brush.6.
43、9 Dispersion Shaker (optional)A device to hold and vibrate the washing sieve nest while the water spray is directed ontothe specimen contained in the sieve nest.6.10 Wash BottleUsed for transferring washed material from the wash sieve into a drying container.7. Reagents7.1 DispersantSodium hexametap
44、hosphate (may be referred to as sodium metaphosphate) used in Method B to facilitateseparation of fine grained particles in soils during the soaking period.7.1.1 Sodium hexametaphosphate shall be mixed with water at a concentration sufficient to disperse fine grained soil particles.Dispersant that h
45、as not fully dissolved shall not be washed through the wash sieve with the specimen.8. Sieve Verification8.1 Prior to initial use, the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve must be examined for general condition and opening size of wire clothfor a compliance sieve as specified in Specification E11. Prior to eac
46、h use, a visual examination of the wash sieve shall be madeto check for tears, separations of the wire cloth from the rim or visible stretching of the wire cloth. If one of these conditions exists,the sieve must be removed from service.8.2 Verification of the 75-m (No. 200) wash sieve outlined in Sp
47、ecification E11 shall be performed and documented on a12-month interval.9. Sampling9.1 Procurement of the sample(s) shall be conducted in accordance with Practice D75, D1586, D1587, or other standardmethods of sample collection, providing that the collection process obtains a representative sampling
48、 of the soil (see Note 3).9.1.1 The specimens may be obtained from bulk samples (bag or bucket samples), jar samples, tube (intact) samples or fromsamples or specimens that have been tested for other properties, such as consolidation, compressive strength or hydraulicconductivity.9.2 Thoroughly mix
49、the soil sample and reduce the quantity for testing to a mass meeting the requirements listed in 9.4. Thetest specimen shall be the end result of the reduction.D1140 1739.3 The sample may be reduced to an acceptable size by using one of several methods.9.3.1 For non-cohesive soils the sample can be placed on a solid surface, thoroughly mixed and quartered until the correctspecimen size is obtained.9.3.2 The use of a riffle splitter may also be used to separate non-cohesive soils, as described in Practice C702. If a riffle splitter
