1、Designation: D 1143/D 1143M 071Standard Test Methods forDeep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1143/D 1143M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTESection references were editorially co
3、rrected in Sections 8.1.4, 8.1.8,andNote 12 in January 2009.1. Scope*1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure theaxial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation whenloaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to alldeep foundations, referred to herein as piles,
4、that function in amanner similar to driven piles or castinplace piles, regardlessof their method of installation, and may be used for testingsingle piles or pile groups. The test results may not representthe long-term performance of a deep foundation.1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements f
5、or test-ing deep foundations under static axial compressive load.Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualifiedengineer may provide additional requirements and proceduresas needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.The engineer in responsible charge of the found
6、ation design,referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any devia-tions, deletions, or additions to the requirements of thisstandard.1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:Procedure A Quick TestProcedure B Maintained Test (optional)Procedure C Loading in Excess of Maintained T
7、est (optional)Procedure D Constant Time Interval Test (optional)Procedure E Constant Rate of Penetration Test (optional)Procedure F Constant Movement Increment Test (optional)Procedure G Cyclic Loading Test (optional)1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional”may produce different test
8、 results and may be used only whenapproved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates amandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates arecommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentencesindicate mandatory provisions.1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret thetest results ob
9、tained from the procedures of this standard so asto predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used inthe constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for commentsregarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation oftest results.1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all lo
10、ad-ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and testprocedures. The text of this standard references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard. This standard als
11、oincludes illustrations and appendices intended only for ex-planatory or advisory use.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently
12、 of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rati
13、onalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F=ma) calculations are involved.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in th
14、is standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsi
15、bility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1950. Discontinued in August 1995 and reinstated in 2007 asD 114307. Last previous edition approved in 1994 as D 1143 81(1994)1.1*A Summary of Changes section appears
16、at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
17、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Test
18、ing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Test-ing of Deep FoundationsD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete DeepFoundations by
19、 Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing2.2 American National Standards:3ASME B30.1 JacksASME B40.100 Pressure Gages and Gauge AttachmentsASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure-ments)3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standardsee Terminology D 653 Terminology Relating t
20、o Soil, Rock,and Contained Fluids.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard:3.2.1 cast in-place pile, na deep foundation unit made ofcement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location,for example, drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger castpiles, pressure-injected footings
21、, etc3.2.2 deep foundation, n a relatively slender structuralelement that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soilor rock well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pileor concrete drilled shaft3.2.3 driven pile, na deep foundation unit made of pre-formed material with a predet
22、ermined shape and size andtypically installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing.3.2.4 failure load, nfor the purpose of terminating anaxial compressive load test, the test load at which rapidcontinuing, progressive movement occurs, or at which the totalaxial movement exceeds 15 % of the pil
23、e diameter or width, oras specified by the engineer.3.2.5 telltale rod, nan unstrained metal rod extendedthrough the test pile from a specific point to be used as areference from which to measure the change in the length ofthe loaded pile.3.2.6 wireline, na steel wire mounted with a constanttension
24、force between two supports and used as a reference lineto read a scale indicating movement of the test pile.4. Significance and Use4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship be-tween the axial load applied to a deep foundation and theresulting axial movement. Test results may also provid
25、einformation used to assess the distribution of side shearresistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearingdeveloped at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflectionbehavior.Afoundation designer may evaluate the test results todetermine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety,
26、thepile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and adeflection at service load satisfactory to support a specificfoundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile testprogram, the designer may also use the results to assess theviability of different piling types and the variability of the
27、 testsite.4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load onthe pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reacha failure load from which the Engineer may determine theultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s).Tests that achieve a failure load may help the
28、designer improvethe efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length,quantity, or size.4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to aninclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test resultsfrom a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of theinclined pile.NOTE
29、 1The quality of the result produced by this test method isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/samplin
30、g/ inspection/etc. Users of this test methodare cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itselfassure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Test Foundation Preparation5.1 Excavate or add fil
31、l to the ground surface around the testpile or pile group to the final design elevation unless otherwiseapproved by the Engineer.5.2 Cut off or build up the test pile as necessary to permitconstruction of the load-application apparatus, placement ofthe necessary testing and instrumentation equipment
32、, andobservation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged orunsound material from the pile top and prepare the surface sothat it is perpendicular to the pile axis with minimal irregularityto provide a good bearing surface for a test plate.5.3 For tests of single piles, install a solid steel test p
33、late atleast 25 mm (1 in) thick perpendicular to the long axis of thetest pile that covers the complete pile top area. The test plateshall span across and between any unbraced flanges on the testpile.5.4 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group withsteel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame
34、 designed for theanticipated loads. Provide a clear space beneath the pile cap asspecified by the Engineer to eliminate any bearing on the2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
35、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.D 1143/D 1143M 0712underlying ground surface. For each loading po
36、int on the pilecap, provide a solid steel test plate oriented perpendicular tothe axis of the pile group with a minimum thickness of 25 mm(1 in), as needed to safely apply load to the pile cap. Center asingle bearing plate on the centroid of the pile group. Locatemultiple bearing plates symmetricall
37、y about the centroid of thepile group. Boxes and beams may bear directly on the pile capwhen designed to bear uniformly along their contact surfacewith the cap.5.5 To minimize stress concentrations due to minor irregu-larities of the pile top surface, set test plates bearing on the topof precast or
38、cast-in-place concrete piles in a thin layer ofquick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 m (0.25 in) thickand having a compressive strength greater than the test pile atthe time of the test. Set test plates, boxes, and beams designedto bear on a concrete pile cap in a thin layer of quick-setting,
39、non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm (0.25 in) thick and having acompressive strength greater than the pile cap at the time of thetest. For tests on steel piles, or a steel load frame, weld the testplate to the pile or load frame. For tests on individual timberpiles, set the test plate directly on the c
40、leanly cut top of the pile,or in grout as described for concrete piles.NOTE 2Deep foundations sometimes include hidden defects that maygo unnoticed prior to the static testing. Low strain integrity tests asdescribed in D 5882 and ultrasonic crosshole integrity tests as described inD 6760 may provide
41、 a useful pre-test evaluation of the test foundation.6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads6.1 General:6.1.1 The apparatus for applying compressive loads to a testpile or pile group shall conform to one of the methodsdescribed in 6.36.6 Unless otherwise specified by the Engi-neer, the apparat
42、us for applying and measuring loads describedin this section shall be capable of safely applying at least120 % of the maximum anticipated test load. Use the methoddescribed in 6.3 to apply axial loads to either vertical orinclined piles or pile groups. Use the methods described in6.4-6.6 to apply on
43、ly vertical loads.6.1.2 Align the test load apparatus with the longitudinal axisof the pile or pile group to minimize eccentric loading. Whennecessary to prevent lateral deflection and buckling along theunsupported pile length, provide lateral braces that do notinfluence the axial movement of the pi
44、le, or pile cap.6.1.3 Each jack shall include a hemispherical bearing orsimilar device to minimize lateral loading of the pile or group.The hemispherical bearing should include a locking mecha-nism for safe handling and setup. Center bearing plates,hydraulic jack(s), load cell(s), and hemispherical
45、bearings onthe test beam(s), test pile, or test pile cap.6.1.4 Provide bearing stiffeners as needed between theflanges of test and reaction beams. Provide steel bearing platesas needed to spread the load from the outer perimeter of thejack(s), or the bearing surface of beams or boxes, to bear on the
46、surface of the test pile or pile cap. Also provide steel bearingplates to spread the load between the jack(s), load cells, andhemispherical bearings, and to spread the load to the testbeam(s), test pile, or pile cap. Bearing plates shall extend thefull flange width of steel beams and the complete to
47、p area ofpiles, or as specified by the Engineer, so as to provide fullbearing and distribution of the load.6.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, provide steel bearingplates that have a total thickness adequate to spread the bearingload between the outer perimeters of loaded surfaces at amaximum angle of
48、 45 to the loaded axis. For center holejacks and center hole load cells, also provide steel platesadequate to spread the load from their inner diameter to thetheir central axis at a maximum angle of 45 , or permanufacturer recommendations. Bearing plates shall extendthe full width of the test beam(s
49、) or any steel reaction membersso as to provide full bearing and distribution of the load.6.1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve allloading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and load-ing procedures. The test beam(s), load platforms, and supportstructures shall have sufficient size, strength, and stiffness toprevent excessive deflection and instability up to the maximumanticipated test load.NOTE 3Rotations and lateral displacements of the test pile or pile capmay occur during loading, especially for piles extending above the soilsurface or t
