1、Designation: D116 86 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Methods forVitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods outline proc
3、edures for testingsamples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used aselectrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentionedherein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits forcompleted insulators.1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazedspecimens, but they
4、may be equally suited for testing glazedspecimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed orunglazed specimens were tested.1.3 The test methods appear as follows:Procedure SectionCompressive strength 6 C773Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149Elastic properties 8 C623Electrical resistivity 15
5、D618, D257, D1829Flexural strength 7 C674, F417Hardness 9 C730, E18Porosity 5 C373Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288Thermal shock resistance 111.4 This standard does not
6、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionstatements are given i
7、n 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission
8、 Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC329 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of FiredWhiteware ProductsC408 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of W
9、hitewareCeramicsC539 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic WhitewareMaterials by Interferometric MethodC623 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Shear Modulus,and Poissons Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics byResonanceC674 Test Methods for Flexural Prop
10、erties of CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC730 Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of GlassC773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength ofFired Whiteware MaterialsD149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial P
11、ower FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tionD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of
12、PlasticsD1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of CeramicMaterials at Elevated TemperaturesD2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500CD2520 Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectri
13、cConstant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650C31These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and
14、Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D116 86 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric FlasksF77 Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics forElectron Device and Semiconductor Application3F417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (
17、Modulus of Rup-ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics33. Significance and Use3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of theproperties covered herein may be of more importance for agiven insulating application than the other properties. Thus, itmay be appropriate that selected properties be sp
18、ecified fortesting these ceramic materials.3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individualproperties may be found in the sections pertaining to suchproperties.4. Specific Gravity4.1 ScopeThree methods are given, providing for accu-racy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.4.2 Signi
19、ficance and UseSpecific gravity measurementsprovide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramicmaterial. The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimatedfrom such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical,thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.4.3 Procedure:4.3.1 When
20、 the destruction of the specimen can be toleratedand the highest precision is required, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Test Method C329.4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen andless precise values are acceptable, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Tes
21、t Methods C20.4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-mine the specific gravity in accordance with Test Method F77.5. Porosity5.1 ScopeThree methods are given based on the relativeporosity of the specimens.5.2 SignificanceAmount of porosity of a specimen is usedas a check on struct
22、ural reproducibility and integrity.5.3 Method A:5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (waterabsorption greater than 0.1 %), determine the porosity as waterabsorption in accordance with Test Method C373.NOTE 1Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determiningwater absorption in the ra
23、nge of 0.1 %, although that method was derivedspecifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0 %.5.3.2 An alternative to Method A, using gas as a fluid, maybe found in the literature.4,55.4 Method BDye Penetration Under Pressure:5.4.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitablepressure chamber of s
24、uch dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimen when immersed in the dye solution with arrange-ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure forthe required time.5.4.2 ReagentAfuchsine dye solution consisting of1gofbasic fuchsine in 1 L of 50 % reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.5.4.3 S
25、pecimensThe specimens shall be freshly brokenfragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparentlyunshattered surfaces exposed.At least 75 % of the area of suchspecimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension upto 20 mm in the l
26、argest dimensions are recommended.5.4.4 Procedure:5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10 % forapproximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10 000psi) 6 10 % for 6 h may be
27、 used.5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the testpressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible forvisual examination.5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye intothe ceramic body to an extent visible to th
28、e unaided eye.Disregard any penetration into small fissures formed in prepar-ing the test specimen.5.4.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.4.4.4.5.4.6 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no state
29、ment for precision has been made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatementof bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.5.5 Method CDye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pres-sure:5.5.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitab
30、leopen-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimens when immersed in the dye solution.5.5.2 ReagentThe fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.5.5.3 SpecimensThe specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.5.5.4 Procedure:5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-merse complete
31、ly in the fuchsine solution.5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 minor longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon aspossible for visual examination.5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramicbody to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any
32、penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of thespecimens.5.5.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.5.4.3.5.5.6 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no statement for precision has bee
33、n made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatement4Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity ofHighly Vitrified Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 5, 1922, pp.527535.5Navias, Louis, “Metal Porosimeter for Determining the Pore Volume
34、 of HighlyVitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.816821.D116 86 (2011)2of bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.6. Compressive Strength6.1 ScopeThese methods provide for the determination ofthe compressive (crushi
35、ng) strengths of the full range ofceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.6.2 Significance and UseSince many ceramic insulatorsare subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of thisproperty is important. The test yields data that are useful forpurposes of design, specification, quality
36、 control, research, andin the comparison of ceramic materials.6.3 ProcedureDetermine compressive strength in accor-dance with Test Method C773.7. Flexural Strength7.1 Scope:7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testinga material for characterization purposes and for testing thematerial
37、 constituting the finished ware.7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions,when relatively large specimens may be easily produced,Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.7.1.3 When specimens must be cut from a fired sampleMethod B is recommended.7.2 Significance and UseFlexural s
38、trength correlates withother mechanical strength properties and is generally theeasiest and most economical test procedure available. Thevalues are useful for purposes of design, quality control,research, and the comparison of different ceramic composi-tions.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Method ADetermine the
39、 flexural strength in accor-dance with Test Methods C674.7.3.2 Method BMicrobar MOR TestDetermine the flex-ural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.8. Elastic Properties8.1 ScopeThis method obtains, as a function of tempera-ture, Youngs modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus (modu-lus of
40、rigidity), and Poissons ratio for vitrified ceramicmaterials.8.2 Significance and UseThe elastic properties of a ce-ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-cations and give indications of relative rigidity of a material.8.3 ProcedureDetermine the elastic properties in accor-danc
41、e with Test Method C623.9. Hardness9.1 ScopeTwo methods are given. Method A requireslittle in the way of specimen preparation and has a limitedcapability of differentiating between samples. Method B re-quires preparation of a polished section of the specimen andhas an extended limit of differentiati
42、on between samples.9.2 Significance and UseHardness can be used as aneasily obtained indicator of the thermal maturity of a specimen,particularly when used in conjunction with the specimenspecific gravity.9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Method ADetermine the Rockwell superficial hard-ness in accordance with Tes
43、t Methods E18. Use the Type NScale and a 45-kg major load.9.3.2 Method BDetermine the Knoop hardness in accor-dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a1-kg load.10. Thermal Conductivity10.1 ScopeThe recommended procedures allow the deter-mination of the thermal conductivity of cerami
44、c materials from40 to 150C (100 to 300F).10.2 SignificanceA ceramic insulator may be subjectedfrequently to thermal shock or required to dissipate heat energyfrom electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivitycharacteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators forservice, research, qual
45、ity control, and comparison of ceramiccompositions.10.3 ProcedureDetermine the thermal conductivity inaccordance with Test Method C408.NOTE 2If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperaturerange of a lower order of magnitude than those obtainable using TestMethod C408 are required, Test Met
46、hod C177 may be used.11. Thermal Shock Resistance11.1 ScopeThese thermal shock tests may be used for thedetermination of the resistance of a given ceramic material tosimulated environmental heat service conditions.11.2 Significance and UseThese tests serve as an evalu-ation of the resistance of a pa
47、rticular ceramic composition,shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to anothercomposition of the same shape and dimensions.11.3 Hazards(WarningAcetone vapors are flammableand poisonous and should not be breathed. The bath in 11.4.2shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames o
48、rsparks nearby.)(WarningUnder certain conditions some ceramic speci-mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments atdamage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bathmediums.)(WarningFace shields, long-sleeve coat, and insulatinggloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent inj
49、ury.)11.4 Apparatus:11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 1C (1.8F) andconsisting of chopped ice and water.11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 75 6 2C (103 63.6F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.11.4.3 Dry Cold Bath, maintained at any (usually simulatedservice) temperature desired, but controlled to 65C (69F)and consisting of a fluidized sand bath rolled gently withprecooled dry air or nitrogen.11.4.4 Liquid Hot Bath, maintained at any prescribed tem-perature between 65 and 100C (149 and 212F), but con-tr
