1、Designation: D116 86 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Methods forVitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods outline
3、 procedures for testingsamples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used aselectrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentionedherein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits forcompleted insulators.1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazedspecimens, but
4、they may be equally suited for testing glazedspecimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed orunglazed specimens were tested.1.3 The test methods appear as follows:Procedure SectionCompressive strength 6 C773Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149Elastic properties 8 C623Electrical resistivit
5、y 15 D618, D257, D1829Flexural strength 7 C674, F417Hardness 9 C730, E18Porosity 5 C373Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288Thermal shock resistance 111.4 This standard does
6、 not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionstatements are gi
7、ven in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Trans
8、mission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC329 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, andApparent Specific Gravity of FiredWhiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass TilesC408 Tes
9、t Method for Thermal Conductivity of WhitewareCeramicsC539 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic WhitewareMaterials by Interferometric MethodC623 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Shear Modulus,and Poissons Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics byResona
10、nceC674 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of CeramicWhiteware MaterialsC730 Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of GlassC773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength ofFired Whiteware MaterialsD149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electric
11、al Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permit-tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical InsulationD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD638 T
12、est Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of CeramicMaterials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)3D2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500
13、CD2520 Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (DielectricConstant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650C1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibilit
14、y ofSubcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D116 86 (2011). DOI:10.1520/D0116-86R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,
16、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric FlasksF77 Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics forElectron Device and Semiconductor Application
17、(With-drawn 2001)3F417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001)33. Significance and Use3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of theproperties covered herein may be of more importance for agiven insulating application than the
18、other properties. Thus, itmay be appropriate that selected properties be specified fortesting these ceramic materials.3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individualproperties may be found in the sections pertaining to suchproperties.4. Specific Gravity4.1 ScopeThree methods are given, pr
19、oviding foraccuracy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.4.2 Significance and UseSpecific gravity measurementsprovide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramicmaterial. The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimatedfrom such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrica
20、l,thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.4.3 Procedure:4.3.1 When the destruction of the specimen can be toleratedand the highest precision is required, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Test Method C329.4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen andless precise va
21、lues are acceptable, determine the specificgravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-mine the specific gravity in accordance with Test Method F77.5. Porosity5.1 ScopeThree methods are given based on the relativeporosity of the specimens.5.2
22、 SignificanceAmount of porosity of a specimen is usedas a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.5.3 Method A:5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (waterabsorption greater than 0.1 %), determine the porosity as waterabsorption in accordance with Test Method C373.NOTE 1Test Meth
23、od C373 has been found suitable for determiningwater absorption in the range of 0.1 %, although that method was derivedspecifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0 %.5.3.2 An alternative to Method A, using gas as a fluid, maybe found in the literature.4,55.4 Method BDye Penetration Under Pressure:5.4.
24、1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitablepressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimen when immersed in the dye solution with arrange-ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure forthe required time.5.4.2 ReagentA fuchsine dye solution consisting of1
25、gofbasic fuchsine in 1 L of 50 % reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.5.4.3 SpecimensThe specimens shall be freshly brokenfragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparentlyunshattered surfaces exposed.At least 75 % of the area of suchspecimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
26、Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension upto 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.5.4.4 Procedure:5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10 % forapproximat
27、ely 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10 000psi) 6 10 % for 6 h may be used.5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the testpressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible forvisual examination.5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated
28、 by penetration of the dye intothe ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.Disregard any penetration into small fissures formed in prepar-ing the test specimen.5.4.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.4.4.4.5.4.6
29、 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no statement for precision has been made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatementof bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.5.5 Method CDye Penetration Under At
30、mospheric Pres-sure:5.5.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall consist of a suitableopen-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate thetest specimens when immersed in the dye solution.5.5.2 ReagentThe fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.5.5.3 SpecimensThe specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.5.5.4 Proce
31、dure:5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-merse completely in the fuchsine solution.5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 minor longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon aspossible for visual examination.5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration int
32、o the ceramicbody to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard anypenetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of thespecimens.4Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity ofHighly Vitrified Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 5, 1922,
33、pp.527535.5Navias, Louis, “Metal Porosimeter for Determining the Pore Volume of HighlyVitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.816821.D116 86 (2016)25.5.5 ReportThe report shall include a statement of theobservations recorded in accordance with the examination in5.5.
34、4.3.5.5.6 Precision and BiasThis method has been in use formany years, but no statement for precision has been made andno activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatementof bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard referencematerial for this property.6. Compressive Strength6.1
35、ScopeThese methods provide for the determination ofthe compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range ofceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.6.2 Significance and UseSince many ceramic insulatorsare subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of thisproperty is important. The test
36、 yields data that are useful forpurposes of design, specification, quality control, research, andin the comparison of ceramic materials.6.3 ProcedureDetermine compressive strength in accor-dance with Test Method C773.7. Flexural Strength7.1 Scope:7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for t
37、estinga material for characterization purposes and for testing thematerial constituting the finished ware.7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions,when relatively large specimens may be easily produced,Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.7.1.3 When specimens must be cut fro
38、m a fired sampleMethod B is recommended.7.2 Significance and UseFlexural strength correlates withother mechanical strength properties and is generally theeasiest and most economical test procedure available. Thevalues are useful for purposes of design, quality control,research, and the comparison of
39、 different ceramic composi-tions.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Method ADetermine the flexural strength in accor-dance with Test Methods C674.7.3.2 Method BMicrobar MOR TestDetermine the flex-ural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.8. Elastic Properties8.1 ScopeThis method obtains, as a function ofte
40、mperature, Youngs modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus(modulus of rigidity), and Poissons ratio for vitrified ceramicmaterials.8.2 Significance and UseThe elastic properties of a ce-ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-cations and give indications of relative rigidity of
41、a material.8.3 ProcedureDetermine the elastic properties in accor-dance with Test Method C623.9. Hardness9.1 ScopeTwo methods are given. MethodArequires littlein the way of specimen preparation and has a limited capabilityof differentiating between samples. Method B requires prepa-ration of a polish
42、ed section of the specimen and has anextended limit of differentiation between samples.9.2 Significance and UseHardness can be used as aneasily obtained indicator of the thermal maturity of a specimen,particularly when used in conjunction with the specimenspecific gravity.9.3 Procedure:9.3.1 Method
43、ADetermine the Rockwell superficial hard-ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type NScale and a 45-kg major load.9.3.2 Method BDetermine the Knoop hardness in accor-dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a1-kg load.10. Thermal Conductivity10.1 ScopeThe recommended proce
44、dures allow the deter-mination of the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials from40 to 150C (100 to 300F).10.2 SignificanceA ceramic insulator may be subjectedfrequently to thermal shock or required to dissipate heat energyfrom electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivitycharacteristics a
45、re useful in designing ceramic insulators forservice, research, quality control, and comparison of ceramiccompositions.10.3 ProcedureDetermine the thermal conductivity in ac-cordance with Test Method C408.NOTE 2If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperaturerange of a lower order of magnit
46、ude than those obtainable using TestMethod C408 are required, Test Method C177 may be used.11. Thermal Shock Resistance11.1 ScopeThese thermal shock tests may be used for thedetermination of the resistance of a given ceramic material tosimulated environmental heat service conditions.11.2 Significanc
47、e and UseThese tests serve as an evalua-tion of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition,shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to anothercomposition of the same shape and dimensions.11.3 Hazards(WarningAcetone vapors are flammableand poisonous and should not be breathed. The
48、bath in 11.4.2shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames orsparks nearby.)(WarningUnder certain conditions some ceramic speci-mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments atdamage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bathmediums.)(WarningFace shields, long-sleeve coa
49、t, and insulatinggloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent injury.)11.4 Apparatus:11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 1C (1.8F) andconsisting of chopped ice and water.11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at 75 6 2C (103 63.6F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.11.4.3 Dry Cold Bath, maintained at any (usually simulatedservice) temperature desired, but controlled to 65C (69F)D116 86 (2016)3and consisting of a fluidized sand bath rolled gently withprecooled dry air or nitrogen.11.4.4 Liquid Hot Bath, mai
