1、Designation: D 117 02Standard Guide forSampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for ElectricalInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide descr
3、ibes methods of testing and specifica-tions for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intendedfor use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers,and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used asinsulating, or heat transfer media, or both.1.2 The purpose of this guide i
4、s to outline the applicabilityof the available test methods. Where more than one is availablefor measuring a given property, their relative advantages aredescribed, along with an indication of laboratory convenience,precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to spe-cific types of electri
5、cal insulating oils.1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories:Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, ChemicalTests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the testmethods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A listof standards follows:Category Secti
6、on ASTM MethodSampling: 3 D 923, D2759, D3305, D3613Physical Tests:Aniline Point 4 D 611Coefficient of Thermal Ex-pansion5 D 1903Color 6 D 1500Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D 1524, D2144Flash and Fire Point 8 D 92Interfacial Tension 9 D 971, D2285Pour Point of PetroleumProducts10 D 97Refractive Ind
7、ex 11 D 1218, D1807Relative Density (SpecificGravity)12 D 287, D 1217, D1298, D1481Specific Heat 13 D 2766Thermal Conductivity 14 D 2717Turbidity 15 D 6181Viscosity 16 D 88, D445, D2161Electrical Tests:Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 17 D 877, D1816, D3300Dissipation Factor and Rela-tive Permittivity (
8、DielectricConstant)18 D 924Category Section ASTM MethodGassing Tendency 19 D 2300Resistivity 20 D 1169Stability Under ElectricalDischarge21 D 6180Chemical Tests:Acidity, Approximate 22 D 1534Carbon-Type Composition 23 D 2140Compatibility with Construc-tion Material24 D 3455Copper Content 25 D 3635Fu
9、ranic Compounds 26 D 5837Gas Analysis 27 D 3612Gas Content 28 D 831, D1827, D2945Inorganic Chlorides andSulfates29 D 878Neutralization (Acid andBase) Numbers30 D 664, D974Oxidation Inhibitor Content 31 D 2668, D4768Oxidation Stability 32 D 1934, D2112, D2440Polychlorinated BiphenylContent33 D 4059Se
10、diment and Soluble Sludge 34 D 1698Sulfur, Corrosive 35 D 1275Water Content 36 D 1533Specification:Mineral Insulating Oil forElectrical Apparatus37 D 3487High Firepoint ElectricalInsulating Oils38 D 52221.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
11、its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity2D 92 Test Method for Flash and
12、Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup3D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products3D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)3D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
13、 ElectricalInsulating Liquids and Gases, and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD27.01 on Mineral Oils.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originallypublished as D 117 21 T. Last previous edition D 117 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.3Annual Book of
14、 ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)3D 611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon
15、 Solvents3D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Titration3D 831 Test Method for Gas Content of Cable and CapacitorOils4D 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes4D 878 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfat
16、es inInsulating Oils4D 923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids4D 924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating Liquids4D 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring Method
17、4D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration3D 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating Liquids4D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer3D 1218 Test Method for Refractive I
18、ndex and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids3D 1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables3D 1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in ElectricalInsulating Oils4D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by H
19、ydrometer Method3D 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-illary Pycnometer3D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)3D 1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-trical Insulating Oils of P
20、etroleum Origin in the Field4D 1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer Titration4D 1534 Test Method for Approximate Acidity in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by Color-Indicator Titration4D 1698 Test Method for Sediments and Soluble Sludge inService-Aged Insulating O
21、ils4D 1807 Test Methods for Refractive Index and SpecificOptical Dispersion of Electrical Insulating Liquids4D 1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE Elec-trodes4D 1827 Test Method for Gas Content (Nonacidic) of Insu-lating Liquids by Displa
22、cement with Carbon Dioxide4D 1903 Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansionof Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin andAskarels4D 1934 Test Method for Oxidative Aging of ElectricalInsulating Petroleum Oils by Open-Beaker Method4D 2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibit
23、edMineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel4D 2140 Test Method for Carbon-Type Composition of In-sulating Oils of Petroleum Origin4D 2144 Test Method for Examination of Electrical Insulat-ing Oils by Infrared Absorption4D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscos
24、ity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity3D 2285 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of ElectricalInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Against Water by theDrop-Weight Method4D 2300 Test Method for Gassing of Insulating Oils UnderElectrical Stress and Ionization (Modified PirelliMethod)4D 2440 Test Method for
25、 Oxidation Stability of MineralInsulating Oil4D 2668 Test Method for 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Para-Cresoland 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oilby Infrared Absorption4D 2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids5D 2759 Practice for Sampling Gas from a TransformerUnder Posi
26、tive Pressure4D 2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids andSolids5D 2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and Gases4D 2945 Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils4D 3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impuls
27、e Con-ditions4D 3305 Practice for Sampling Small Gas Volume in aTransformer4D 3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of ConstructionMaterials with Electrical Insulating Oil of PetroleumOrigin4D 3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical Apparatus4D 3612 Test Method for Analysis of
28、Gases Dissolved inElectrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography4D 3613 Practice for Sampling Insulating Liquids for GasAnalysis and Determination of Water Content4D 3635 Test Method for Dissolved Copper in ElectricalInsulating Oil by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry4D 4059 Test Method for Analy
29、sis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography4D 4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-ButylPara-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in InsulatingLiquids by Gas Chromatography4D 5222 Specification for High Fire-Point Mineral ElectricalInsulating Oils4D 583
30、7 Test Method for Furanic Compounds in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chroma-tography (HPLC)4D 6180 Test Method for Stability of Insulating Oils ofPetroleum Origin Under Electrical Discharge44Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
31、D117022D 6181 Test Method for Measurement of Turbidity in Min-eral Insulating Oil of Petroleum Origin4SAMPLING3. Sampling3.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents oronly parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpointof evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviou
32、sly,careless sampling procedure or contamination in the samplingequipment will result in a sample that is not truly representa-tive. This generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerningquality and incurs loss of the time, effort, and expense involvedin securing, transporting, and testing the sam
33、ple.3.2 Sample the insulating oil in accordance with PracticesD 923, D 2759, D 3305, and D 3613, as appropriate.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES4. Aniline Point4.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe aniline point of petroleum products, provided that theaniline point is below the bubble point an
34、d above the solidifi-cation point of the aniline-sample mixture.4.2 Summary of Test Method:4.2.1 Test Method D 611Equal volumes of aniline and testspecimen or aniline and test specimen plus n-heptane areplaced in a tube and mixed mechanically. The mixture is heatedat a controlled rate until the two
35、phases become miscible. Themixture is then cooled at a controlled rate, and the temperatureat which the two phases separate is recorded as the anilinepoint.4.3 Significance and UseThe aniline point of an insulat-ing oil indicates the solvency of the oil for some materials thatare in contact with the
36、 oil. A higher aniline point implies alower aromaticity and a lower degree of solvency for somematerials.5. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion5.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe coefficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulatingliquids of petroleum origin.5.2 Definition:5.2
37、.1 coeffcient of thermal expansionthe change in vol-ume per unit volume per degree change in temperature. It iscommonly stated as the average coefficient over a giventemperature range.5.3 Summary of Test MethodThe specific gravity of insu-lating oils is determined at two temperatures below 90C andse
38、parated by not less than 5C nor more than 14C. Testmethods used may be D287, D 1217, D1298, or D1481. Thecalculation of average coefficient of thermal expansion overthis temperature range is given in Test Method D 1903.5.4 Significance and UseA knowledge of the coefficientof expansion of a liquid is
39、 essential to compute the requiredsize of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over thefull temperature range to which it will be subjected. It is alsoused to compute the volume of void space that would exist inan inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid hascooled to a lower
40、 temperature.6. Color6.1 ScopeThis test method covers the visual determina-tion of color of a wide variety of liquid petroleum products,including mineral insulating oils.6.2 Summary of Test Method:6.2.1 Test Method D 1500The test specimen is placed in aglass sample jar (an ordinary 125-mL test speci
41、men bottle issatisfactory for routine tests). The color of the sample bytransmitted light is compared with a series of tinted glassstandards. The glass standard matching the sample is selected,or if an exact match is not possible, the next darker glass isselected. The results are reported numericall
42、y on a scale of 0.5to 8.0.6.3 SignificanceA low color number is an essential re-quirement for inspection of assembled apparatus in a tank. Anincrease in the color number during service is an indicator ofdeterioration or contamination of the insulating oil.7. Examination7.1 Scope:7.1.1 Both visual ex
43、amination and qualitative infrared ab-sorption are described in this section. The test methods are:7.1.2 Test Method D 1524This is a visual examination ofmineral insulating oils that have been used in transformers, oilcircuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating orcooling media, or
44、both. This test is intended for use in the field.7.1.3 Test Method D 2144The infrared absorption from2.5 to 25 m (4000 to 667 cm1) is recorded as a means of (a)establishing continuity by comparison with the spectra ofprevious shipments by the same supplier, (b) for the detectionof some types of cont
45、aminants, (c) for the identification of oilsin storage or service. This test method is not intended for thedetermination of the various constituents of an oil.7.2 Summary of Test Methods:7.2.1 Test Method D 1524Estimate the color of the oil byuse of an oil comparator, matching the oil test specimen
46、withtinted glass color standards. Note the presence of cloudiness,particles of insulation, metal corrosion products, or otherundesirable suspended materials in the oil.7.2.2 Test Methods D 2144The infrared spectrum is re-corded from 2.5 to 25 m (4000 to 667 cm1) either as theabsorption spectrum itse
47、lf, or as the differential between thetest specimen and reference oil. The spectra are compared withreference spectra to establish the identity of the oil.7.3 Significance and Use:7.3.1 Test Method D 1524The observation of the colorand condition of the oil in a field inspection permits adeterminatio
48、n of whether the sample should be sent to a centrallaboratory for full evaluation.7.3.2 Test Methods D 2144The infrared spectrum of anelectrical insulating oil indicates the general chemical compo-sition of the sample. Because of the complex mixture ofcompounds present in insulating oils, the spectr
49、um is notsharply defined and may not be suitable for quantitativeestimation of components. The identity of the oil can beD117023quickly established as being the same or different fromprevious samples by comparison with the reference spectra.8. Flash and Fire Point8.1 Scope:8.1.1 This test method covers the determination of flash andfire points of all petroleum products except fuel oils and thosehaving an open cup flash below 79C (175F).8.1.2 This test method should be used solely to measure anddescribe the properties of materials in response to heat andflame
