1、Designation: D1188 07 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forBulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted BituminousMixtures Using Coated Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkspecific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compactedbituminous mixtures as defined in Terminology E12.1.2 This method should be used with samples that containopen or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % ofwater by volume, or both
4、, as determined by Section 8.1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminousmixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of themixture.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
5、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving MixturesD1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates inBituminous
6、 Paving MixturesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving MixturesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for U
7、se in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Laboratory TestingD6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing MethodE12 Terminology Relating to Density and Spec
8、ific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)33. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is useful in calculating percent airvoids as given in Test Method D3203. Since specific gravityhas no units, it must be converted to density when this type ofmeasurement is required. This conversio
9、n is made by multi-plying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the densityof water at the same temperature.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, with ample capacity, and with sufficient sensi-tivity to enable bulk specific gravities to the specimens to becalculated to at least four significant figures,
10、 that is, to at leastthree decimal places. It shall be equipped with a suitableapparatus to permit weighing the specimen while it is sus-pended in water. The balance shall conform to SpecificationD4753 as a class GP2 balance.4.1.1 Since there are no more significant figures in thequotient (bulk spec
11、ific gravity) than appear in either thedividend (the mass of the specimen in air) or in the divisor (thevolume of the specimen, obtained from the difference in massof the specimen in air and in water), this means that the balancemust have a sensitivity capable of providing both mass andvolume values
12、 to at least four figures. For example, a sensi-tivity of 0.1 g would provide four significant figures for thedetermination of a mass in the range from 130.0 to 999.9 gwhen the specific gravity is 2.300.4.2 Water Bath, for immersing the specimen in water whilesuspended, equipped with either an overf
13、low outlet for main-taining a constant water level or an electronic tare feature onthe scale.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Asphalt Mixtures.Curren
14、t edition approved July 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1188 071. DOI:10.1520/D1188-07R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15
16、. Materials5.1 ParafilmIs an elastomeric film obtainable from mostscientific suppliers.5.2 Polyurethane FoamA foam mat of a minimum of50 50 cm (20 20 in.) shall be used for the working surfaceby about 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) thick. Additionally, a minimum ofone foam pad with a size approximately equal to
17、the topsurface dimensions of the sample shall be on hand.5.3 Calibration CylinderAn approximately 100-mm (4-in.) diameter by 60-mm (2.5-in.) smooth-sided aluminumcylinder.6. Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens may be molded from laboratory-mixedfield samples or be cut from bituminous pavement in the fi
18、eld.Field samples should be obtained in accordance with PracticeD979. Pavement specimens shall be taken from pavementswith a core drill, diamond, or carborundrum saw, or othersuitable means, in accordance with Practice D5361.6.2 Size of SpecimensIt is recommended, (1) that thediameter of cylindrical
19、ly molded or cored specimens, or thelength of the sides of sawed specimens be at least equal to fourtimes the maximum size of the aggregate; and (2) that thethickness of specimens be at least one and one half times themaximum size of the aggregate.6.3 Take pavement specimens from pavements with a co
20、redrill, diamond or Carborundum saw, or by other suitablemeans.6.3.1 Take care to avoid distortion, bending, or cracking ofspecimens during and after removal from pavement or mold.Store specimens in a safe, cool place.6.3.2 Specimens shall be free of foreign materials such asseal coat, tack coat, fo
21、undation material, soil, paper, or foil.When any of these materials are visually evident, they shall beremoved in accordance with 6.3.3.6.3.3 If desired, specimens may be separated from otherpavement layers by sawing or other suitable means.7. Determine if Coating of Specimens is Needed7.1 Determine
22、 the bulk specific gravity of the uncoatedspecimen according to Test Methods D2726 or D6752.7.2 Use the data collected in 7.1 to calculate the percentwater absorbed by the specimen (on volume basis) as follows:% Water Absorbed by Vol. 5B 2 AB 2 C100 (1)where:A = mass of the dry specimen in air, gB =
23、 mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gC = mass of specimen in water, g.7.3 If the percent water absorbed by the specimen in Section7.2 exceeds 2 %, continue with the procedures outlined inSection 8. If the percent water absorbed by the specimen doesnot exceed 2 %, report the bulk spec
24、ific gravity of the uncoatedspecimen as determined in 7.1.8. Procedure8.1 Mass of Uncoated SpecimensAfter the sample hasbeen dried under a fan until a constant mass has been achieved,determine the mass of the sample. Designate this as mass A.8.2 Mass of Coated Specimen:8.2.1 On a hard surface, cut t
25、wo 100 100-mm (4 4-in.)and one 100 200-mm (4 8-in.) pieces of Parafilm from theroll with a sharp blade.8.2.2 Peel the backing off of one of the 100 100-mm(4 4-in.) pieces.8.2.3 Grasp opposite sides of the film and stretch. Repeatthe stretching with the other two sides until the film has beenstretche
26、d to an approximately 150 150-mm (6 6-in.)square. Take care not to create holes in the film.8.2.4 Place the stretched film over one end of the specimenand press the sides of the film around the sample.8.2.5 Turn the specimen over and place on the foam mat.Repeat 8.2.2 8.2.4 for the other end of the
27、specimen.8.2.6 After both ends have been wrapped (and working onthe foam mat) place another piece of foam on top of thespecimen that is approximately the same size and shape as thespecimen. Use another specimen of the same size to pressdown on top of the foam. This will eliminate the air pocketsfrom
28、 both surfaces.8.2.7 Use a sharp knife to trim the excess film from the sidesof the sample. Take care not to damage the sample. Thereshould be a minimum of 15 mm (approximately 0.5 in.) of filmremaining on the side of the specimen at each end.8.2.8 Next, peel the backing off of the remaining piece o
29、ffilm. Grasp the film at the ends and stretch out to about 400 mm(16 in.).8.2.9 Place one end of the stretched film on the side of thespecimen and roll it over so that the film is stretched tightlyover the surface.8.2.10 Fold and press the edges around and over the edgesof the specimen.8.2.11 Determ
30、ine the mass of the coated specimen in air.Designate this mass as D.8.2.12 Determine the mass of the coated specimen in awater bath at 25C (77F). Designate this mass as E. Measurethe temperature of the water and if it is different from25C 6 1C (77 6 1.8F), a correction to the bulk specificgravity to
31、 25C must be made in accordance with 10.3.Ifthetemperature of the specimen differs from the temperature of thewater bath by more than 2C (3.6F), the specimen shall beimmersed in the water bath for 10 to 15 min.8.3 Apparent Specific Gravity of Parafilm:8.3.1 Determine the specific gravity of the alum
32、inum cali-bration cylinder at 25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F) first determin-ing the mass in air and then under water. The specific gravityis:GAl5AAlAAl2 BAl(2)where:Aal= dry mass in air, g,Bal= mass under water, g.D1188 07 (2015)28.3.2 Dry and wrap aluminum cylinder as described in 8.2and determine the dry,
33、wrapped mass and the mass of thewrapped specimen under water.8.3.3 Determine the specific gravity of the Parafilm at25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F):F 5DAl2 AAlDAl2 EAl2AAlGAl(3)where:DAl= dry mass of wrapped specimen, g,Eal= mass of wrapped specimen under water, g.9. Moisture Correction9.1 In case the specime
34、n has been obtained during construc-tion or from a pavement and contains moisture, it is necessaryto correct the masses determined in the following sections.9.2 The moisture may be determined by one of two meth-ods.9.2.1 Determine the original mass of the sample. Then drythe uncoated sample to a con
35、stant mass in an oven maintainedat a temperature of approximately 110C (230F). A constantmass is defined as less than a 0.05 % change in mass betweenconsecutive 15 min drying intervals. Designate this oven-drymass as Edry. The mass of the moisture, Emoistis:Emoist5 Eoriginal2 Edry(4)where:Eoriginal=
36、 original mass of the specimen, g,Edry= oven dry mass, g.9.2.2 Subtract Emoistfrom any further determinations ofmass in subsequent sections.9.2.3 Alternatively, determine the mass of moisture in thesamples by using Test Method D1461. This method should beused if the bituminous material in the mixtur
37、e contains anydistillates volatile at a temperature of 110C (230F). The massof the moisture is then subtracted from any determination ofmass in the following sections.10. Calculations10.1 Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the film-coatedspecimen as follows:Bulk Specific Gravity 5AD 2 E 2D 2 AF(
38、5)where:A = mass of dry specimen in air, g,D = mass of dry, coated specimen, g,E = mass of coated specimen under water, g,F = specific gravity of coating determined at 25C (77F).10.2 Calculate the density of the specimen as follows:Density 5 Bulk Specific Gravity! (6)where: = density of water at 25C
39、 (77F) (997.0 kg/m3or 62.24lb/ft3).10.3 Correction for Water Bath Temperature Other than25C (77F).10.3.1 For a difference of water temperature less than orequal to 3C (5.4F), determine the specific gravity as follows:Bulk Specific Gravity at 25C 5 K Bulk at other temperature! (7)where:K = determined
40、 from Table 1.10.3.2 For a difference of water temperature greater than3C (5.4F), a correction to the mass of water displaced shallbe made using the following equation:Correction 5 TKsSD 2 E 2D 2 AFD(8)where:T = 25C minus the temperature ofthe water bath,Ks= 6105ml/ml/C average coeffi-cient of cubic
41、al thermal expan-sion of bituminous concrete,(DE(DA)/F) = mass of the volume of water forthe volume of the specimen at25C.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Test method used to determine bulk specific gravity.11.1.2 Percent water absorbed.11.1.3 Specific gravity of Parafilm to th
42、ree decimal places.11.1.4 Moisture correction to four significant figures.11.1.5 Bulk specific gravity at 25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F)to four significant figures.11.1.6 Density to four significant figures.TABLE 1 Relative Density of Water and Conversion Factor K forVarious TemperaturesTemperature, C Absolu
43、te Density of WaterACorrection Factor K10 0.999728 1.00266111 0.999634 1.00256712 0.999526 1.00245813 0.999406 1.00233814 0.999273 1.00220415 0.999129 1.00206016 0.998972 1.00190317 0.998804 1.00173418 0.998625 1.00155519 0.998435 1.00136420 0.998234 1.00116221 0.998022 1.00095022 0.997801 1.0007282
44、3 0.997569 1.00049524 0.997327 1.00025325 0.997075 1.00000026 0.996814 0.99973827 0.996544 0.99946728 0.996264 0.99918729 0.995976 0.99889830 0.995678 0.998599AData taken from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., CRC Press, Inc.D1188 07 (2015)312. Precision and Bias412.1 Criteria for judging
45、 the acceptability of bulk specificgravity test results obtained by this test method are given in thefollowing table:Test and Type Index Standard DeviationAcceptable Range of TwoTest Results (D2S)Single Operator 0.028 0.079Multiple Laboratory 0.034 0.0951: 10 laboratories, 2 materials, 3 replicates
46、for 1 material and 2 replicates forthe second12.2 Since there is no accepted reference material suitablefor determining the bias for the procedure for measuringdensity, no statement on the bias of this test method is beingmade.13. Keywords13.1 bituminous paving mixturescompacted; bulk spe-cific grav
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