1、Designation: D 121 09aStandard Terminology ofCoal and Coke1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 121; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines the technical terms used instandards that are the responsibility of Committee D05 on Coaland Coke. The terms are used in:1.1.1 The sampling of coa
3、l and coke under conditionsrequired for most commercial and technical purposes related tocoal and coke.1.1.2 Bias and related statistical testing,1.1.3 The description of coal, both visually in the field andmicroscopically in the laboratory,1.1.4 Chemical and physical analyses of coal and coke,1.1.5
4、 Classification of coal, and1.1.6 Certain other related practices and guides applicableto the coal and coke industries.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 388 Classification of Coals by RankD 720 Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD 1412 Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal
5、at 96to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30CD 1857 Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke AshD 2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD 2234/D 2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD 2361 Test Method for Chlorine in Coal3D 2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and
6、 Coke Ash3D 2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofthe Vitrinite Reflectance of CoalD 2961 Test Method for Single-Stage Total Moisture Lessthan 15 % in Coal Reduced to 2.36-mm (No. 8 Sieve)TopsizeD 3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD 3173 Test Method for Moisture in th
7、eAnalysis Sample ofCoal and CokeD 3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD 3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Coal and CokeD 3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and CokeD 3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analysesfrom As-De
8、termined to Different BasesD 3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD 4371 Test Method for Determining the Washability Char-acteristics of CoalD 4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coalin a MineD 4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeD
9、4916 Practice for Mechanical Auger Sampling3D 5061 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofthe Textural Components of Metallurgical CokeD5114 Test Method for Laboratory Froth Flotation of Coalin a Mechanical CellD 5192 Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from CoreD 5263 Test Method for Det
10、ermining the Relative Degreeof Oxidation in Bituminous Coal by Alkali ExtractionD 5515 Test Method for Determination of the SwellingProperties of Bituminous Coal Using a DilatometerD 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeD 6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combus-tible
11、 and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coaland Coke3. Terminologyair-dried moisturethis term has been used inappropriately torefer to both residual moisture and air-dry loss. Because ofthe potential for confusion, this term shall not be used.air drying, na process of partial drying of coal to
12、bring itsmoisture near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.30 on QualityAssurance.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyappro
13、ved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D 121 09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
14、te.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.room in which further reduction and division of the samplewill take place. D 2013; D 22
15、34/D 2234Mair-dry loss, nin coal, the loss in mass, expressed as apercentage, resulting from each air-drying stage or the sumof all sequential air-drying stages in which the results fromeach stage are adjusted to the as-received basis.DISCUSSIONAir-dry loss is neither a standard state nor a characte
16、r-isetic property of a coal. Air drying only removes water that canevaporate at or near ambient laboratory conditions, leaving in the coalsome fraction of the inherent moisture that is more tightly bound in thepores (residual moisture). Different laboratory environments or differ-ent drying temperat
17、ures or both will result in significant differences inair-dry loss and residual moisture. D 3302agglomerating, adjas applied to coal, the property ofsoftening when it is heated to above about 400C in anonoxidizing atmosphere, and then appearing as a coherentmass after cooling to room temperature.alg
18、initeSee alginite under maceral.analysis sampleSee analysis sample under sample.angle of repose, nthe greatest angle, measured from hori-zontal, attained by a coal so that material on the sides of topof the inverted cone or trench created in car top samplingremains stable, that is, will not shift or
19、 slide. Coal size andmoisture content are contributing factors to this angle. In allcases, the coal shall be dug so that the physical angle is lessthan the angle of repose.anisotropic, adjas used in Test Method D 5061, exhibitingoptical properties of different values when viewed with anoptical micro
20、scope having mutually exclusive polarizedlight, for example, crossed nicols. D 5061anthraciteSee anthracite under rank.anthracitic classSee anthracitic class under rank.apparent rank, nof coal, the rank designation obtained onsamples other than channel samples, but otherwise conform-ing to procedure
21、s of Classification D 388.as-analyzed moisturesynonym for as-determined moisture.as-determined basisSee as-determined basis under report-ing bases.ash, ninorganic residue remaining after ignition of combus-tible substances, determined by definite prescribed methods.DISCUSSIONAsh need not be identica
22、l, in composition or quantity,with the inorganic substances present in the material before ignition.In the case of coal and coke, the methods used shall be thoseprescribed in Test Method D 3174.as-mined coalfor the purpose of Test Method D 4749, sameas run-of-mine (ROM) coal. D 4749as-received basis
23、See as-received basis under reportingbases. D 3180as-shipped or produced coalfor the purpose of Test MethodD 4749, raw or prepared coal in any state or condition atwhich it leaves the mine property or loading facility.D 4749attrital coalSee attrital coal under coal.auger increment, nthe retained por
24、tion of one extractionoperation of the auger. D 4916banded coalSee banded coal under coal.basisSee reporting bases.bed moisturesynonym for inherent moisture.beehive cokeSee beehive coke under coke.binder phase, nas used in Test Method D 5061, a continuoussolid carbon matrix formed during the thermop
25、lastic defor-mation of those coal macerals that become plastic duringcarbonization.DISCUSSIONThe binder phase material is formed from the thermo-plastic deformation of reactive (vitrinite and liptinite) and semi-inert(semifusinite) coal macerals of metallurgical bituminous coals. Duringthermoplastic
26、ity, the inert coal maceral and mineral are partly or whollyincorporated into the binder phase. Also, most of the coke pores arelocated in the binder phase. D 5061bituminous classSee bituminous class under rank.boghead coalSee boghead coal under coal.bone coalSee bone coal under coal.borehole, nthe
27、circular hole through soil and rock stratamade by boring.bottomsize, nominalfor the purpose of Test Method D 4749,the sieve designating the lower limit or bottomsize shall bethat sieve of the series given in the Standard Series of Sievessection with the largest openings through which passes atotal o
28、f less than 15 % of the sample. This defined bottom-size is not to be confused with the size of the smallestparticles in the lot.DISCUSSION(WarningIn the case of a commercial, double-screened product, for example, 37.5 by 9.5 mm (112 by38 in.), thisdesignation may not be valid. In such commercial or
29、 contractualsituations, the amount of allowable material smaller than the bottom-size (for example, 9.5 mm) must be specified by the contract underwhich the coal is bought and solid.) D 4749briquette, na cylindrical block composed of granulated coalor coke particles compressed and embedded with an e
30、poxybinder.by-product cokeSee by-product coke under coke.C test, na standard statistical test for homogeneity ofvariance.calorific value, nthe heat of combustion of a unit quantity ofa substance.DISCUSSIONIt is expressed inASTM test methods in British thermalunits per pound (Btu/lb). Calorific value
31、 can also be expressed incalories per gram (cal/g) or in the International System of Units, joulesper gram (J/g), when required. D 5865calorimeter, nas used in Test Method D 5865, the bomb andits contents, the calorimeter vessel with stirrer, the water inwhich the bomb is immersed, and the portions
32、of thethermometer and the ignition leads within the calorimetervessel. D 5865calorimeter jacket, nthe insulating medium surrounding thecalorimeter.cannel coalSee cannel coal under coal.carbonate carbon, nthe carbon content present in the solidproducts derived from the combustion or reaction of coal,
33、coal by-products, or coke as carbonates and which isnoncombustible in standard industry practice. D 6316D 121 09a2carbon form, nas used in Test Method D 5061, microscopi-cally distinguishable carbonaceous textural components ofcoke, but excluding mineral carbonates.DISCUSSIONCarbon forms are recogni
34、zed on the basis of theirreflectance, anisotropy, and morphology. They are derived from theorganic portion of coal and can be anisotropic or isotropic. D 5061caves or washouts, nzones of increased hole diametercaused by rock fragments that fall from the walls of aborehole and can block the hole or c
35、ontaminate the cuttingsand which erode or abrade the sidewall of the borehole bythe action of the drilling. These zones can affect the accuracyof certain geophysical logs (especially density). Correctionsto other geophysical logs can be made if a caliper log isavailable. The most common causes of ca
36、ves or washoutsinclude soft or fractured lithologies, the presence of water-producing zones, and the downhole pressure of the drillingmedium (fluid or air) that often causes differential erosion ofvarious strata within the borehole.chance error, nerror that has equal probability of beingpositive or
37、negative. The mean of the chance errors resultingfrom a series of observations tends toward zero as thenumber of observations approaches infinity.circular anisotropic phase, nas used in Test MethodD 5061, a group of binder-phase anisotropic carbon texturesthat are distinguished by approximately circ
38、ular domains(that is length equals width) and composed of fine circular(0.5- to 1.0-m), medium circular (1.0- to 1.5-m), andcoarse circular (1.5- to 2.0-m) size categories. D 5061cleat, nthe joint system of coal seams, usually orientednormal or nearly normal to the bedding.DISCUSSIONCleat is most co
39、mmonly found in bituminous coal,being most prominently developed in vitrain bands and bright layers.Some cleat, especially the more widely separated joints, extend throughall or a large part of the seam. Cleat surfaces are commonly coated withminerals such as calcite, kaolinite, and pyrite.coal, na
40、brown to black combustible sedimentary rock (inthe geological sense) composed principally of consolidatedand chemically altered plant remains.DISCUSSIONConditions required for formation of coal are believedto include accumulation of plant remains and their partial decomposi-tion under moist conditio
41、ns, followed by sedimentary burial andsubjection to increased pressure and temperature according to thegeological history of the seam. Coals exhibit a wide range of propertiesas a result of differences in the kinds and relative amounts of differentplant materials and intermixed mineral matter, the a
42、mount of alterationof the plant remains achieved before burial, and especially the degreeof physical and chemical alteration after burial. See ClassificationD 388 for classification of coal in accordance with its degree ofalteration or rank. The moisture content and the kind, amount, andmode of occu
43、rrence of mineral matter also vary greatly.lithotype, n any of the constituents of banded coal: vitrain,fusain, clarain, durain, or attrital coal or a specific mixture oftwo or more of these.banded coal, ncoal that is visibly heterogeneous in com-position, being composed of layers of vitrain and att
44、ritalcoal, and, commonly, fusain.attrital coal, nthe ground mass or matrix of banded coal inwhich vitrain and, commonly, fusain layers as well, areembedded or enclosed.DISCUSSIONLayers in banded coal, often referred to as bands, arecommonly 1 to 30 mm thick. Attrital coal in banded coal is highlyvar
45、ied in composition and appearance, its luster varying from abrilliance nearly equal to that of the associated vitrain to nearly as dullas fusain; it exhibits striated, granulose, or rough texture. In a fewcases, relatively thick layers of such attrital coal are found that containno interbedded vitra
46、in. Nonbanded coal also is attrital coal but is notusually referred to as such. In contrast to the coarser and more variabletexture of attrital coal in banded coal, nonbanded coal is notablyuniform and fine in texture, being derived from size-sorted plant debris.The luster of attrital coal, which ra
47、nges from bright (but less than thatof associated vitrain) to dull, is commonly used to describe andcharacterize attrital coal. As an alternative, some petrographers subdi-vide attrital coal into clarain and durain. Clarain has bright luster andsilky texture, being finely striated parallel to the co
48、al bedding. Durainhas dull luster and sometimes is referred to as dull coal. Similarly, coalconsisting of vitrain or clarain or a mixture of the two is sometimesreferred to as bright coal.fusain, ncoal layers composed of chips and other frag-ments in which the original form of plant tissue structure
49、 ispreserved; commonly has fibrous texture with a very dullluster.DISCUSSIONFusain is very friable and resembles charcoal. Com-monly, it is concentrated in bedding layers or lenses that form planes ofweakness in coal and thus is often exposed on bedding surfaces ofbroken coal. The many pores (cell cavities and cracks) of fusain aresometimes filled with mineral matter.vitrain, nshiny black bands, thicker than 0.5 mm, ofsubbituminous and higher rank banded coal.DISCUSSIONVitrain, attributed to the coalification of rela
