1、Designation: D 1316 06Standard Test Method forFineness of Grind of Printing Inks By the NPIRIGrindometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determin-ing the fineness of grind of printing inks using a NPIRIGrindometer.
3、 It evaluates the size of the largest particles in afinished dispersion but not average particle size or concentra-tion of sizes.1.2 This test method covers both manual and automaticdrawdowns using an A1 scraper.1.3 This test method is applicable to any dispersion that isfine enough to fall within t
4、he 025 m range of the specifiedgrind gauge. With a minor variation in procedure, it isapplicable to both paste (nonvolatile) and liquid (volatile) inks.NOTE 1The 025 m gauge specified in this test method is similar inprinciple to the 0100 m Hegman gauge described in Test MethodD 1210 and the various
5、 gauges described in ISO 1524:2000. Sieveanalysis for concentration of particles above 45 m is covered in TestMethod D 2067.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
6、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type GageD 2067 Test Method for Coarse Particles in Printing InkD
7、ispersionsD 6846 Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inkswith a Printing GageE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 1524:2000 Paints,
8、 varnishes and printing inks De-termination of fineness of grind3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 fineness of grind, na measure of the size andprevalence of oversize particles in a printing ink dispersion.3.1.2 NPIRI grind unit (gu), nthe distance equal to 2.5 mo
9、r 0.1 mils on a grind gauge.3.1.3 scratch, na depression at least 10 mm in length inthe surface of a grind gauge drawdown.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA scratch develops when a particle (oragglomerate) is trapped between the blade and the bottom ofthe path and is drawn along by the blade.3.1.4 speckle, nprotub
10、erance of particles above the sur-face of a grind gauge drawdown.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSpeckles occur at gauge depths greaterthan those at which scratches occur and are caused by oversizeparticles that are not hard enough or of the proper size toproduce scratches.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test m
11、ethod utilizes a NPIRI Grindometer havingtwo precision machined grooves each 25.4 mm (1 in.) wide andwith a 025 m (01 mil) taper. The test specimen is drawndown the paths slowly if a nonvolatile (paste) ink, briskly if avolatile (liquid) ink. The drawdowns are examined for the scalereadings at which
12、 four and ten scratches appear and at which apreponderance of speckles disappear.Asingle determination offineness of grind requires readings from four paths and thecomputation of an arithmetical mean.5. Significance and Use5.1 Oversize particles in a printing ink may damage aprinting plate, plug a c
13、ell, clog a nozzle and adversely affect the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published April 2006.
14、 Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 1316 93 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
15、ry page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.appearance of printed ink films. Fineness of grind measure-ments are useful for deciding when to stop the dispersionprocess and for determining if the test material meets specifi-cations as agreed upon between the supplier and the customer.6. Apparatus6.1 N
17、PIRI Grindometer,4consisting of a block of hardenedsteel 25.4 mm in thickness,589 mm in width and 240 mm inlength: see Fig. 1. The top surface of the block is precisionmachined so as to contain two paths, each 25.4 mm in width,165 mm in length, and tapered uniformly in depth lengthwisefrom 25.4 m (1
18、 mil) to zero depth as shown in Fig. 2. Depthmarkings are inscribed on the shoulders at each 2.5 m (0.1mil) change in taper. Scale inscriptions and the relationshipamong various scales are given in Table 1.6.2 A1 Scraper,6a double-edged blade conforming to TestMethod D 1210. Fig. 3 shows critical sp
19、ecifications.6.3 Ink Knife, a small, flexible metal blade.6.4 Automatic Drawdown Machine (ADM-1),7(optional)for use with paste ink dispersions only. A diagram of the unitis illustrated in Fig. 4.4The NPIRI Grindometer, developed by the National Printing Ink ResearchInstitute, may be obtained from th
20、e Precision Gage and Tool Company, 375Gargrave Rd., W. Carrollton, OH 45449 (http:/www.precisiongage-).5Also available is a model 23.3 mm (0.918 in.) in thickness, which may serve asa type-high printing plate in a flat-bed press as described in Practice D 6846.6A second scraper should be procured fo
21、r use while the first scraper is beingreconditioned or is otherwise out of commission.7The sole source of supply of the Automatic Drawdown Machine (ADM-1)known to the committee at this time is Little Joe Industries, 10 Ilene Court,Hillsborough, NJ 088441922. If you are aware of alternate suppliers,
22、pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTEThe operator has stopped this drawdown to show the 90 angle ofscraper to NPIRI Grindometer and that there i
23、s no ink on shoulders, indicatingproper pressure. Note, thickness, width of block, and overall block length arenon-critical dimensions.FIG. 1 The NPIRI Grindometer is Shown with MachinedDimensionsFIG. 2 The NPIRI Grindometer Showing Precision TaperedGrooves with Inscribed Markings in Mils (Upper Gro
24、ove) andNPIRI Grind Units = GU (Lower Groove)FIG. 3 A Double Edged Blade (A1 Scraper) Conforming to ASTMTest Method D 1210 is Shown with Machined SpecificationsTABLE 1 Relation Among Grind Gauge ScalesNOTE 1guNPIRI Grindometer unit.NPIRIScale,AguDepthBMicrometerScale,CmHegmanScaleDmils m000081 0.1 2
25、.520.25 53 0.3 7.54 0.4 10 105 0.5 12.5 76 0.6 15 157 0.7 17.58 0.8 20 209 0.9 22.510 1.0 25 25 615 1.5 38 520 2.0 50 50 425 2.5 63 330 3.0 75 75 235 3.5 88 140 4.0 100 100 0ANumbers above dashed lines are inscribed on the side or on the left shoulderof all standard NPIRI Grindometers. Numbers below
26、 dashed lines representextended scales available on special gauges.BNominal depth, not necessarily thickness of material deposited in paths ofgrind gauges. Path fillage is about 80 % for a high viscosity (sheet-fed offset) ink;60 % for a low viscosity (letterpress news) ink. Path fillage is also dec
27、reased byfast drawdowns.CNumbers above dashed lines are inscribed at every fifth calibration line on theright shoulder of newer NPIRI Grindometers.DPaint Scale in Test Method D 1210.D13160627. Materials7.1 Rags or Tissues, lint- and metal-free.7.2 Solvent, naphtha or other as appropriate for the ink
28、under test.8. Care of Gauge and Blade8.1 CleanlinessThe scraper and the block must be visu-ally clean prior to a drawdown. Any dirt or lint present mayproduce a scratch and give a false reading.8.2 MisuseThe Grindometer is a precision instrument andmust be treated as such. Do not let any hard materi
29、als contactthe gauge surface or scraper in any manner that might result inscarring or nicking. Avoid tapping or scratching with othermetal. Use only soft metal-free cloths for cleanup.8.3 Normal WearUnder steady usage over an extendedperiod of time, both scraper and block will wear but localizedscra
30、per wear is much more rapid than block wear. Periodicallycheck the blade as follows:8.3.1 Method 1Place a small quantity of an ink across oneend of a flat glass plate and make a drawdown. A uniformdrawdown indicates that the particular scraper edge is in goodcondition. A streak of ink or a heavier f
31、ilm of ink at the placescorresponding to the shoulders of the Grindometer is evidenceof blade damage or excessive wear. Repeat the drawdown withthe other edge of the blade.8.3.2 Method 2 (from Test Method D 1210)Face one edgeof the scraper down across the bottom of the top surface of theGrindometer
32、or other smooth level surface. Place a strong lightbehind the scraper and examine the contact edge; any lightcoming through shows that the blade edge has been damagedand is not satisfactory for use. Wear and warpage can also bedetected by rocking the blade back and forth. Repeat theprocedure on the
33、other edge of the blade.8.4 RustingThe Grindometer is made of carbon steel andis subject to rusting. Apply a coating of grease or otherrust-preventative and keep covered or encased when not in use.WarningDo not use a gauge or blade that exhibits damageor wear (see 8.2-8.4). Replace or return to the
34、manufacturer forreconditioning.9. Sampling9.1 Approximately 2 to 3 mL of ink sample is sufficient tofill four paths of the Grindometer. When taking samples eitherfrom a container or from a disperser, push aside the top layerand take the sample from below. This technique prevents skinor surface dust
35、from being transferred to the gauge.9.2 If the sample is a liquid ink, hand stir the samplevigorously for 2 min, taking care that air bubbles are notwhipped in.10. Procedure for Manual Drawdowns10.1 Place the gauge NPIRI Grindometer on a flat, non-slippery surface so that the deep end of the grooves
36、 is farthestfrom the operator. Wipe clean immediately before the test. Besure the gauge surface is dry and free of lint and wipe marks.10.2 Using the ink knife, transfer a small quantity of inkacross the deep end of both grooves (see Fig. 5) about 12.5 mm(12 in.) from the end of the block. Alternati
37、vely, different inksmay be placed in the two respective paths.10.3 Grasp the scraper in both hands and, holding in avertical position, place it behind the ink of the gauge. Applyadequate pressure to ensure positive contact of the blade withthe surface of the gauge and draw the ink down the length of
38、the path. Ink remaining on the shoulders is evidence ofinsufficient pressure.FIG. 4 An Automated Drawdown Machine (ADM-1), with Part Identification, is Shown with the NPIRI Grindometer and A1 Scraper inPlaceD131606310.3.1 Paste InksMake the drawdown with a smoothsteady stroke that takes 7 to 10 s to
39、 complete.10.3.2 Liquid InksMake the drawdown with a brisk strokethat takes 1 to2stocomplete. When testing fluid inks, it isessential to work quickly, as partial drying of the ink specimenor the ink film can influence test results.10.4 Set the blade on a sheet of scrap paper, and read theendpoints a
40、s prescribed in Section 12.10.5 After reading the endpoints, clean the gauge and repeatthe procedure in 10.2-10.4 until readings have been made onfour paths per sample. If a reference standard was used in onepath, alternate its position on the repeat tests.11. Procedure for Automatic Drawdowns Using
41、 ADM-111.1 Place the automatic machine on a sturdy level area.11.2 Turn the engagement handle counter clockwise to the 9oclock position.11.3 Place the clean Grindometer onto the rubber pad, topplate. Wipe clean immediately before the test. Be sure thegauge surface is dry and free of lint and wipe ma
42、rks.11.4 Place the clean scraper into the notch of the scraperholder and set the appropriate weight(s) onto the ADM-1hexagonal notched arm level. The torque selected is criticalsince too much will shorten life of scraper and too little will notclean the shoulders of the gauge (see Fig. 1).NOTE 2Each
43、 location or sample, or both, requires that adequatetorque be applied during the automatic drawdown. This procedure isinitially performed by placing the sample as described, placing the weightmid range on the fulcrum arm. If the resulting drawdown cleans theshoulders then, the operator should redo t
44、he sample on a clean gauge withthe weight one notch closer to the fulcrum point or until ink appears on theshoulders, or both. Moving the weight closer to the fulcrum pointdecreases the torque, while placing the weight away from the fulcrumpoint increases the torque. The weight, size, and hexagonal
45、notch datashould be recorded with each sample.11.5 Carefully turn the engagement handle clockwise to the3 oclock position. The scraper should come into contact withthe Grindometer. Note the scraper angle in the specificationslist of your ADM-1.11.6 Observe the position of the hexagonal lever. It sho
46、uldbe horizontal.11.7 Turn the engagement handle counter clockwise back tothe 9 oclock position.11.8 Pull the slide knob out and move the slide to the top ofthe ADM-1.11.9 Using a clean ink knife, place a small portion of thesample on the top of the gauge track. Carefully place thesamples approximat
47、ely 12.5 mm (12 in.) from the top of bothgrooves. The knife should not touch the gauge.11.10 Turn the engagement handle to the 3 oclock position.The scraper will contact the gauge. Do not allow the engage-ment handle to drop quickly since it may damage the edge ofthe scraper or the gauge.11.11 Press
48、 and hold the Start button until the scraper passeszero on the gauge. TheADM-1 takes about 10 s to complete thepath.11.12 Immediately remove the scraper, pull the slide knoband return the sled to its start position.11.13 Immediately pick up the gauge to read the endpointsas prescribed in Section 12.
49、11.14 After recording the endpoints clean the gauge andrepeat the procedure in 11.2-11.5 until readings have beenmade on four paths per sample. If a reference standard wasused in one path, alternate its position on the repeat tests.12. Reading of Endpoints and Report12.1 Immediately after completing the drawdown, pick upthe Grindometer and rotate in a light until the patterns, whenviewed from the side, are clearly visible. Record endpointswithin 5 to 10 s of completing the drawdown. Record thefollowing endpoints to12 gu (see NPI
