1、Designation: D 1322 97 (Reapproved 2002)e1Designation: 57/95An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSmoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defe
3、nse.e1NOTEWarnings were moved from notes to section text editorially December 2002.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determinationof the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel.NOTE 1There is good correlation between Luminometer number(Test Method D 1740) and smoke point
4、which is represented in AppendixX1.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
5、ations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1740 Test Method for Luminometer Number of AviationTurbine Fuels2D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products32.2 IP Standard:IP 57/95 Smoke Point4NOTE 2Only IP 57/95 published in 19954is equivalent to D 1322;e
6、arlier versions of IP 57 were not equivalent.2.3 ISO Standard:5ISO 3014:1993(E) Petroleum ProductsDetermination ofthe Smoke Point of Kerosine3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 aviation turbine fuelrefined petroleum distillate,generally used as a fuel for aviation
7、gas turbines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized byvolatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.3.1.2 kerosinerefined petroleum distillate, boiling be-tween 140 and 300C, generally used in lighting and heatingapplications.3.1.3 smoke pointthe maximum height, in millimetres, o
8、fa smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp ofspecified design.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp thatis calibrated daily against pure hydrocarbon blends of knownsmoke point. The maximum height of flame that can beachieved with the test fuel witho
9、ut smoking is determined tothe nearest 0.5 mm.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relativesmoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbinefuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to thehydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. General
10、ly themore aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smokepoint indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.5.2 The smoke point (and Luminometer number with whichit can be correlated) is quantitatively related to the potentialradiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.
11、Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on themetal temperature of combustor liners and other hot sectionparts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis forcorrelation of fuel characteristics with the life of these com-ponents.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AS
12、TM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 132296.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
13、 Vol 05.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.4Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products,1995, Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1M 8AR, England.5Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY
14、 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Smoke Point Lamp, as shown in Fig. 1 and described indetail in Annex A1.6.2 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality,having the following characte
15、ristics:Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4Weft 40 tex by 2Picks 6 per centimetre6.3 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum p
16、urity99.75 % (m/m). (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (SeeAnnex A2.2.)7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels undertest, made up accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, in accordance
17、with the compositions given inTable 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes.7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99.75 % (m/m). (WarningExtremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See AnnexA2.4.)8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by theprocedures des
18、cribed in Practice D 4057. Use the sample asreceived. Allow all samples to come to ambient temperature(20 6 5C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy orappears to contain foreign material, filter through qualitativefilter paper.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical
19、 position in a room where itcan be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect eachnew lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the airinlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted and ofproper size. The gallery shall be so located that the air holes arecompletely unobs
20、tructed.NOTE 3Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on theprecision of the result obtained.9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lampin a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistantmaterial (not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top oft
21、he box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimneyand the inside of the box painted dull black.9.2 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous deter-mination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixtureof equal volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allowthe wicks to d
22、ry partially in a hood before placing in the oven,or use a forced-draft and explosion-proof oven for dryingwicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110C and store in adessicator until used.10. Calibration of Apparatus10.1 Calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2. Reca-librate at regular inter
23、vals of not more than seven days or whenthere has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or whena change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometricpressure reading.10.2 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the referencefuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSectio
24、n 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of theFIG. 1 Smoke Point LampTABLE 1 Reference Fuel BlendsStandard Smoke Point at101.3 kPaToluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentanemm %(v/v) % (v/v)14.7 40 6020.2 25 7522.7 20 8025.8 15 8530.2 10 9035.4 5 9542.8 0 100D 1322 97 (2002)e12sample. If this is not po
25、ssible, use the two test blends havingtheir smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.10.2.1 Determine the correction factor f for the apparatusfrom the equation;f 5As/ Ad! 1 Bs/ Bd!2(1)where:As= the standard smoke point of the first reference fuelblend;Ad= the smoke point determined for
26、 the first reference fuelblend;Bs= the standard smoke point of the second reference fuelblend;Bd= the smoke point determined for the second referencefuel blend.If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactlymatches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend,use as the second brack
27、eting reference fuel the reference fuelblend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one.Otherwise, use the one with the next closest smoke point.10.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of theapparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each daythe apparatus is in use. Re
28、cord the results and compare theaverage from the data base of the control sample using controlcharts or equivalent statistical techniques. If the differenceexceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, thenthe apparatus must be recalibrated.11. Procedure11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and
29、 dried wick, not less than125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of thecandle. Carefully ease out any twists arising from this opera-tion. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a newwick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.2.NOTE 4It is advisable to resoak the bur
30、ning-end of the wick in thesample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample asavailable, but not less than 10 mL, at room temperature, intothe clean, dry candle.11.3 Place the wick tube in the candle and screw home. Takecare that the candle ai
31、r vent is free from fuel. If a wick-trimmerassembly is not being used, cut the wick horizontally and trimit free of frayed ends so that 6 mm projects from the end of thecandle. Use a clean razor blade or other sharp instrument.(Some razor blades have a protective coating; in such cases,remove the co
32、ating with a solvent before using the blade).Insert the candle into the lamp.11.3.1 An alternative method of preparing a wick free oftwists and frayed ends utilizes a wick-trimmer assembly. Thewick-trimmer holder is inserted over the top of the wick tubeand the long-nosed triceps are inserted throug
33、h the tube andholder. The wick is grasped and carefully pulled through thetube without twisting. A new, clean, sharp razor is used to cutthe wick at the face of the holder and remove wisps and frayedends. When the holder is removed, the wick will be at thecorrect height in the tube. The tube is then
34、 inserted into thecandle and screwed home. The candle is inserted into the lamp.11.4 Light the candle and adjust the wick so that the flameis approximately 10 mm high and allow the lamp to burn for 5min. Raise the candle until a smoky tail appears, then lower thecandle slowly through the following s
35、tages of flame appear-ance:11.4.1 A long tip; smoke slightly visible; erratic and jumpyflame.11.4.2 An elongated, pointed tip with the sides of the tipappearing concave upward as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame A).11.4.3 The pointed tip just disappears, leaving a veryslightly blunted flame as shown in Fig. 2
36、 (Flame B). Jagged,erratic, luminous flames are sometimes observed near the trueflame tip; these shall be disregarded.11.4.4 A well rounded tip as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame C).Determine the height of Flame B to the nearest 0.5 mm. Recordthe height observed.11.4.4.1 To eliminate errors due to parallax,
37、the eye of theobserver shall be slightly to one side of the centreline, so thata reflected image of the flame is seen on the scale on one sideof the central vertical white line, and the flame itself is seenagainst the other side of the scale. The reading for bothobservations shall be identical.11.5
38、Make three separate observations of the flame height atthe smoke point by repeating the flame-appearance sequencespecified in 11.4. If these values vary over a range greater than1.0 mm, repeat the test with a fresh sample and another wick.FIG. 2 Typical Flame AppearancesD 1322 97 (2002)e1311.6 Remov
39、e the candle from the lamp, rinse with heptane,and purge with air to make ready for re-use.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the smoke point, to the nearest 0.1 mm, fromthe equation:smoke point 5 L 3 f (2)where:L = the average, rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm, of threeindividual readings, andf = the corre
40、ction factor (see 10.2), rounded to the nearest0.01.12.2 Record the result thus obtained, rounded to the nearest0.5 mm, as the smoke point of the sample.13. Precision and Bias613.1 Repeatability, rThe difference between successivetest results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus unde
41、r constant operating conditions on identicalmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exceed the following value inonly one case in 20:r 5 2 mm (3)13.2 Reproducibility, RThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different opera
42、tors work-ing in different laboratories on nominally identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following value in only one case in20:R 5 3 mm (4)NOTE 5Precision values were determined from a joint ASTM/IPprogram conducted in 1972
43、. Six reference fuel blends and ten Jet A and JetB fuels were tested covering a range of smoke points from 15 to 45 mm.13.3 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D 1322 for mea-suring the smoke point of kerosines and aviation turbine fuelshas no bias because the value of the smoke point can only bedefine
44、d in terms of a test method.14. Keywords14.1 aviation turbine fuel; combustion properties; jet fuel;kerosine; radiant heat; smoke pointANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. APPARATUSA1.1 Smoke Point Lamp, as shown in Fig. 1, complyingwith the dimensional requirements given in Table A1.1 and asshown in F
45、ig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2. The following essentialrequirements shall be met:NOTE A1.1A medium-density cobalt glass may be used to reduce eyefatigue when viewing the flame.A1.1.1 The top of the wick guide shall be exactly level withthe zero mark on the scale.A1.1.2 The scale shall be marked in white lin
46、es on blackglass on each side of a white or black strip 2 mm in width. Itshall have a range of 50 mm graduated in 1 mm intervals,figured at each 10 mm and with longer lines at each 5 mm.A1.1.3 An efficient device for raising or lowering the flameshall be provided. The total distance of travel shall
47、be not lessthan 10 mm and the movement shall be smooth and regular.A1.1.4 The glass window of the door shall be curved toprevent the formation of multiple images.A1.1.5 The joint between the base of the candle and thecandle body shall be oil-tight.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Internation
48、al Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1178.D 1322 97 (2002)e14TABLE A1.1 Critical Dimensions of Smoke Point LampDimension,mmTolerance,mmLamp Body (Fig. A1.1)Candle Socket (C)Internal diameter 23.8 60.05Wick Guide (D)Internal diameter 6.0 60.02Air Inlets (20 in numb
49、er) (E)Diameter 2.9 60.05Gallery (F)External diameter 35.0 60.05Air inlets (20 in number), diameter 3.5 60.05Lamp Body (G)Internal diameter 81.0 61.0Internal depth 81.0 61.0Chimney (H)Internal diameter 40.0 61.0Height, top of chimney to center of lamp body 130 61.0Candle (Fig. A1.2)Candle BodyInternal diameter 21.25 .External diameter sliding fit in candle holderLength, without cap 109 60.05Thread on cap 9.5 mm dia screwed1.0 mm pitchWick Tube (A)Internal diameter 4.7 60.05External diameter close fit in flame guideLength 82.0 60.05Air-Vent (B)Internal dia
