1、Designation: D1356 15Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral interest, it contain
3、s most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the a
4、pplicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD3249 P
5、ractice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D3686 Practice for Sa
6、mpling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements(Withdrawn 2002)3D4096 Test Method for
7、Determination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in theAtmosphere (HighVolume Sam-pler Method)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-tablish TraceabilityD4597 Practice for Sampling Workplac
8、e Atmospheres toCollect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent DiffusiveSamplersD5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors UsingTransfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of aCup A
9、nemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-UrbanLocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD5466 Test Method
10、for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-ture by Acoustic MeansD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Structure
11、 Number Surface LoadingD6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respi-rable Aerosol SamplersD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of DiffusiveSamplersD6
12、552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1955
13、. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1356 14b. DOI:10.1520/D1356-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
14、e ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Weighing Collected AerosolsD6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in WorkplaceAir
15、Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometryD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-ingsD7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantification ofAirborne Fungal St
16、ructures in an Inertial ImpactionSample by Optical MicroscopyD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometryD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metalsand Metalloids for Worker ProtectionE7 Terminology Rela
17、ting to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES),
18、Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-nation2.2 Other Documents:EN 1540:2011 Workplace Exposure Terminology4EPA 540
19、-R-04-004, 2004 Contract Laboratory Program Na-tional Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review5ISO 3534-2 Statistics Vocabulary and Symbols Part 2:Applied Statistics6ISO 7708 Air Quality Particle Size Fraction Definitions forHealth-Related Sampling6ISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres Pumps for Pe
20、rsonalSampling of Chemical and Biological Agents Require-ments and Test Methods6ISO 15202-2 WorkplaceAir Determination of Metals andMetalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 2:Sample Preparation6ISO 15202-3 WorkplaceAir Determination of M
21、etals andMetalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 3:Analysis63. Terminologyabsolute temperaturesee temperature.absolute filtersee filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial
22、that has been retained by the process ofabsorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent)takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the forma-tion of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of asolution.DISCUSSIONChemi
23、cal reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centeredon the array axis of symmetry, over which the followingconditions are met: (a) wind components are unambiguouslydefined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructedor remains within the
24、 angular range for which transducershadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in sizeof particle
25、s by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true valueand includes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D
26、5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process ofadsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorp-tion takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which molecules
27、 of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseousmedium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization engagedin the activities of testin
28、g or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See also atmosphere.air pollution, nthe
29、 presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under4Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.5Avail
30、able from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:
31、/www.iso.org.D1356 152circumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.analytical
32、recovery, nratio of the mass of analyte measuredto the known mass of analyte in the sample, typicallyexpressed as a percentage. D7439analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemical properties and giving either cyclic
33、 or continu-ous output signal. D3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-sis automatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D3249lag time, nthe time interval from a step chan
34、ge in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIONThis dev
35、iation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentrationthat can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration changes. D3249open path analyzer, nan analy
36、tical system that measuresthe average atmospheric or emission compound concentrationalong one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the analyzer will
37、meet all performance specifications.D3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D3249operational period, nthe period of time over which theanalyzer can be expected to o
38、perate unattended withinspecifications. D3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249range, n
39、the concentration region between the minimumand maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in theinput concentration at the analyzer inlet to
40、 an output reading of90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period, usually 24 h of unadjus
41、ted continuous operation,when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscalevalue.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period of unadjusted continuous
42、operation when the inputconcentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemsee analyzer.area samplersee static sampler.area samplingsee static sampling.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.a
43、spect ratio, nratio of the length of a particle to its width.adapted from D5755aspirated psychrometersee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump,or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction.atmosphere, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theearth and i
44、ncludes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.See also air at normal conditions.synthetic atmosphere, na specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion produced fora special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reversal of the normal (upward) direc-tion of air flow in a
45、vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ventedappliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D3670laboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truev
46、alue and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, andfaulty manipulations, for example. D3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting meanfrom the true value of the parameter measured caused byphysical or chemical phenomen
47、a inherent in the methodology.D3670blank substrate, na collection medium or substrate comingfrom the same batch as the sampling medium, but notintentionally exposed in the field. D6552boroscope, ndevice for internal inspection of difficult accesslocations such as wall cavities. Its long narrow tube
48、containsD1356 153a telescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light isprovided via the optical path or fiber bundles. D7338breathing zone, nspace around the nose and mouth fromwhich breath is taken. EN 1540:2011DISCUSSIONTechnically the breathing zone corresponds to a hemi-sphere (generally acc
49、epted to be 30 cm in radius) extending in front ofthe human face, centered on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. Thebase of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the headand the larynx. This technical description is not applicable whenrespiratory protective equipment is used.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas disperserimmersed in an absorbing liquid.fritted bubbler, na bubbler having a frit as the gasdisperser.building envelope, nthe outer elements of
