1、Designation: D1356 15bStandard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral interest, it contai
3、ns most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the
4、applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD3249
5、Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D3686 Practice for S
6、ampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements(Withdrawn 2002)3D4096 Test Method for
7、 Determination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in theAtmosphere (HighVolume Sam-pler Method)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-tablish TraceabilityD4597 Practice for Sampling Workpla
8、ce Atmospheres toCollect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent DiffusiveSamplersD5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors UsingTransfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of aCup
9、Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-UrbanLocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD5466 Test Method
10、 for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-ture by Acoustic MeansD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Structur
11、e Number Surface LoadingD6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respi-rable Aerosol SamplersD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of DiffusiveSamplersD
12、6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1
13、955. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D1356 15a. DOI:10.1520/D1356-15B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
14、onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Weighing Collected AerosolsD6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Workplace
15、Air Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometryD7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission TestingBodiesD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-ingsD7391 Test Me
16、thod for Categorization and Quantification ofAirborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial ImpactionSample by Optical MicroscopyD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometryD7459 Practice for Collection of Integrated Sampl
17、es for theSpeciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-DerivedCarbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary EmissionsSourcesD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metalsand Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7675 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrocar-bons in Hydrogen by FID-Based Total H
18、ydrocarbon(THC) AnalyzerE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Pla
19、sma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-nation2.2 Other Documents:ECC Dire
20、ctive 98/24/EC Risks Related to Chemical Agentsat Work4EN 1540:2011 Workplace Exposure Terminology5EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004 Contract Laboratory Program Na-tional Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review6ISO 3534-2 Statistics Vocabulary and Symbols Part 2:Applied Statistics7ISO 7708 Air Quality
21、Particle Size Fraction Definitions forHealth-Related Sampling7ISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres Pumps for PersonalSampling of Chemical and Biological Agents Require-ments and Test Methods7ISO 15202-2 WorkplaceAir Determination of Metals andMetalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCouple
22、d PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 2:Sample Preparation7ISO 15202-3 WorkplaceAir Determination of Metals andMetalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 3:Analysis73. Terminologyabsolute temperaturesee temperature.absolute filtersee f
23、ilter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process ofabsorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent)takes up and retains another (the a
24、bsorbate) with the forma-tion of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of asolution.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centeredon the array axis of symmetry, over which the followingconditions are met: (a) wind com
25、ponents are unambiguouslydefined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructedor remains within the angular range for which transducershadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertai
26、n specific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in sizeof particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true valueand includes both precision and bias.
27、D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process ofadsorption.adsorbent, nsolid m
28、aterial on the surface of which adsorp-tion takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which molecules of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles
29、 in a gaseousmedium.4Available from EUR-Lex, http:/eur-lex.europa.eu.5Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Penn
30、sylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D1356 15b2agency, nan organization or part of an organization engagedin the activities of
31、testing or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See also atmosphere.air emission
32、testing body, na company or other entity thatconducts Air Emission Testing. D7036air pollution, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and undercircumstances to interfere s
33、ignificantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.analytical recovery, nratio of the mass of analyte measuredto
34、 the known mass of analyte in the sample, typicallyexpressed as a percentage. D7439analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-ous output signal. D3249analyzer syste
35、m, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-sis automatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D3249lag time, nthe time interval from a step change in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet
36、 to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIONThis deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.
37、D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentrationthat can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration changes. D3249open path analyzer, nan analytical system that measuresthe average atmospheric
38、or emission compound concentrationalong one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the analyzer will meet all performance specifications.D3249operating
39、 temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D3249operational period, nthe period of time over which theanalyzer can be expected to operate unattended withinspecifications. D3249outpu
40、t, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249range, nthe concentration region between the minimumand ma
41、ximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in theinput concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading of90 % of the ultimate reading.
42、 D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation,when the input concentrat
43、ion is at a constant, stated upscalevalue.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period of unadjusted continuous operation when the inputconcentration is zero; usu
44、ally expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemsee analyzer.area samplersee static sampler.area samplingsee static sampling.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.aspect ratio, nratio of the length of a particle to
45、 its width.adapted from D5755aspirated psychrometersee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump,or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction.atmosphere, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theearth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air
46、.See also air at normal conditions.synthetic atmosphere, na specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion produced fora special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reversal of the normal (upward) direc-tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fir
47、eplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ventedappliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D3670D1356 15b3laboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truevalue and a value reported by a laborator
48、y due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, andfaulty manipulations, for example. D3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting meanfrom the true value of the parameter measured caused byphysical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology.D3670bioge
49、nic CO2, nCO2recently (in a geological time scale)removed from the atmosphere by plants, then returned to theatmosphere by combustion or biogenic decay.adapted from D7459DISCUSSIONBiomass CO2emitted from combustion devices is oftenreferred to as “carbon-neutral CO2” and is distinguished from fossilCO2.DISCUSSIONBiomass carbon contains the isotope radiocarbon(carbon-14) in measurable quantities. It decays exponentially with ahalf-life of about 5700 years and as such is not measurable in foss
