1、Designation: D 1403 02Designation: 310/84 (92)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarterand One-Half Scale Cone Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1403; the number immediately following the designation i
2、ndicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencie
3、s of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuringthe consistency of small samples of lubricating greases bypenetration of a14-scale cone or a12-scale cone. These testmethods include procedures for the measurement of unworkedand worked penetrations.1.2 U
4、nworked penetrations do not generally represent theconsistency of greases in use as effectively as do workedpenetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspectinglubricating greases.1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for informati
5、on only. In theUnited States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are tobe regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety an
6、d health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease2D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and Lubricants32.2 IP Standard:IP 50 Method o
7、f Testing for Cone Penetration of Lubricat-ing Grease43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistencyrefers to the
8、worked penetration of a grease. D 2173.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.D 41753.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the
9、 thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredientsimparting special properties are often included. D 2173.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials
10、 bymeasuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn these test methods, either a one-quarter scale cone (A1.1) or a one-half scale cone (A1.3) canbe used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases.The penetration forces
11、are determined by the respective massesof the cones and shafts.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or pla
12、tes or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0 on Lubricating Grease. In the IP, this test met
13、hod is under the jurisdictionof the Standardization Committee. This test method has been approved by thesponsoring committee and accepted by the cooperating societies in accordance withestablished procedures.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originallyapproved in 1956. La
14、st previous edition approved in 1997 as D 140397.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.4IP Methods for Analysis and Testing available from 61 New Cavendish St.,London, England WIM 8AR.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D 2173.2 Definitions of Te
16、rms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth inunits of 0.1 mm that a14-scale cone or12-scale cone penetratesthe sample when released to fall under its own weight for 5 s.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe term penetration used in these testmethods is similar to that found i
17、n Test Methods D 217. Due tothe differences in scale, the terms are not synonymous andshould not be confused.3.2.2 penetrometer, nan instrument similar to that shownin Fig. 1 of Test Methods D 217, designed to measure the depthto which the14-scale or the12-scale cone falls into grease.3.2.3 unworked
18、 penetration, nthe penetration at 25C(77F) of a sample of lubricating grease that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transfer to a14-scale or12-scalegrease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.4 worked penetration, nthe penetration of a sample oflubricating grease that has
19、 been brought to 25C (77F),subjected to 60 double strokes in a14-scale or12-scale greaseworker, and penetrated without delay.3.2.5 working, vthe subjection of a lubricating grease tothe shearing action of the14-scale or12-scale grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The penetration is determined
20、 at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F)by releasing the14-scale or12-scale cone assembly from thepenetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of NationalLubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0
21、 to4 and is intended for use only where the size of the sampleprevents the use of Test Methods D 217.5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used orreported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values(see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended toreplace the full-sc
22、ale penetration as described in Test MethodsD 217. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency oflubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency num-bers. The results ob
23、tained from these test methods are widelyused for specification purposes, however, no correlation withfield performance has been established.5.4 Unworked penetration results provide a means of evalu-ating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.6. Apparatus6.1 PenetrometerAn instrumen
24、t similar to that shown inFig. 1 of Test Methods D 217, adapted for use with the14-scaleor12-scale cone.NOTE 1Any slight binding in the instrument may produce a signifi-cant error in penetration values. Periodic check of the release mechanism,cone dimensions, and weights of cone and its movable atta
25、chments isrecommended.6.214-Scale Cone and Shaft, as specified in A1.1.6.314-Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.2.6.412-Scale Cone and Shaft, as specified in A1.3.6.512-Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.4.6.6 Temperature Bath, either a water bath or an airbath,capable of regulating to 25
26、6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and designedto bring the assembled grease worker to test temperatureconveniently. If a water bath is to be used for specimens forunworked penetration, means should be provided for protect-ing the grease surface from water and for maintaining the airabove the specimen at test tempera
27、ture.NOTE 2A constant-temperature test room can also be used instead ofthe water or air bath.6.7 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade ap-proximately 13 mm (0.5 in.) wide and convenient in length.7. Procedure for Unworked Penetration7.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of the
28、grease worker is required. If the penetration by14 scale isgreater than 47 units or by12 scale greater than 97 units, atleast three times the amount needed to fill the cup is requiredas only one result can be obtained from one filling of the greasecup.7.2 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPlace the em
29、ptygrease worker cup and an appropriate amount of the sample ina container in the temperature bath maintained at 25 6 0.5C(77 6 1F) for sufficient time to bring the temperature of thesample and the worker cup to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Transferthe sample, preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of
30、thegrease worker. Make this transfer in such a manner that thegrease will be worked as little as possible. Jar the cup to driveout trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with aslittle manipulation as possible to fill the cup without airpockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending above
31、 the rim,creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, heldinclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approxi-mately 45, across the rim of the cup. Do not perform anyfurther leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout thedetermination of unworked penetration and determ
32、ine themeasurement immediately.7.3 Cleaning Cone and ShaftClean the penetrometer conecarefully before each test. Bending of the cone shaft can beavoided by holding it securely in its raised position whilecleaning. Do not permit grease or oil on the penetrometer shaft,as they can cause drag on the sh
33、aft assembly. Do not rotate thecone, as this can cause wear on the release mechanism.7.4 Penetration MeasurementPlace the cup on the pen-etrometer table, making certain that it cannot teeter. Set themechanism to hold the cone in the zero position of the indicatordial, and adjust the apparatus carefu
34、lly so that the tip of thecone just touches the surface at the center of the test sample.Watching the shadow of the cone tip is an aid to accuratesetting. Release the cone shaft rapidly, and allow it to drop for5.0 6 0.1 s. The release mechanism should not drag on theshaft. Gently depress the indica
35、tor shaft until stopped by thecone shaft and read the penetration to the nearest full unit (0.1mm) from the indicator.NOTE 3If the indicator shaft is depressed with force, the penetrationD1403022measurement may vary considerably.7.4.1 If the specimen has a penetration over 47 units by14scale or over
36、 97 units by12 scale, this specimen can then beused for only one test. If the specimen has a penetration of 47units or less by14 scale or 97 units or less by12 scale, performthree tests in a single cup spacing these tests on three radiiapproximately 120 apart and approximately midway betweenthe cent
37、er and side of the cup so that the cone will neither strikethe side of the cup nor impinge on the disturbed area made ina previous test. Center the cone carefully in the container andproceed as in 7.4.7.5 Additional TestingMake a total of three tests on thespecimen (either in three cups or in one, a
38、s described in 7.4),and report the average value, to the nearest 0.1 mm, as the14-scale or12-scale unworked penetration of the sample.8. Procedure for Worked Penetration8.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of theappropriate grease worker is required.8.2 WorkingTransfer sufficient specimen
39、 to the cup of theclean grease worker to fill it heaping full, mounded up about 7mm (0.25 in.) at the center, avoiding the inclusion of air bypacking with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to time as it isbeing packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped.Assemble the worker and, with the vent
40、cock open, depress theplunger to the bottom. Close the vent cock and place theassembled worker in the temperature bath maintained at 25 60.5C (77 6 1F) until the temperature of the worker andcontents are at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Then remove theworker from the bath and wipe off any water adhering to i
41、tssurfaces. Subject the grease to 60 full double strokes of theplunger, completed in 1 min 6 5 s, and return the plunger to itstop position. Open the vent cock, remove the top and plunger,and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to theplunger as can readily be removed. As the worked pene
42、trationof a lubricating grease can change significantly on standing,proceed in accordance with 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 immediately.NOTE 4If a water bath is used and if it is desired to immerse theportion of the worker above its closure, take care that the lid is watertightin order to prevent the entrance
43、of water to the worker.8.3 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPrepare theworked specimen in the cup for testing so that a uniform andreproducible structure of the grease will be obtained. Jar thecup sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease downwith a spatula to fill the holes left by the plung
44、er and to removeany air pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending abovethe rim of the cup, creating a flat surface, by moving the bladeof the spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion atan angle of approximately 45, across the rim of the cupretaining the portion removed.NOTE 5The j
45、arring should be as vigorous as required to remove theentrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In performingthese operations, a minimum of manipulation should be used, as anyagitation of the grease can have the effect of increasing the workingbeyond the specified 60 strokes.NOTE 6R
46、etain the grease removed from the cup in scraping forsubsequent tests. Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that thegrease forced by the penetrometer cone to overflow the cup can bereturned to the cup prior to preparing the specimen for the next test.8.4 Penetration MeasurementDetermine t
47、he penetrationof the specimen as described in 7.3 and 7.4.8.5 Additional TestingImmediately make two more testsin succession on the same specimen. Return to the cup theportion previously removed with the spatula, then repeat theoperations described in 8.3 and 8.4. Report the average of thethree test
48、s, to the nearest 0.1 mm, as the14-scale or12-scaleworked penetration of the sample.9. Calculation9.1 The penetration values obtained from the14-scale and12-scale cone equipment in 7.5 and 8.5 shall be converted tofull-scale penetrations (Test Methods D 217) by the followingequations:9.1.114 Scale:P
49、 5 3.75p 1 24 (1)where:P = cone penetration by Test Methods D 217, andp = cone penetration by14-scale equipment.9.1.212 Scale:P 5 2r 1 5 (2)where:P = cone penetration by Test Methods D 217, andr = cone penetration by12-scale equipment.NOTE 7Full-scale penetration values derived from the14-scale or the12-scale may differ from those obtained using Test Methods D 217. Partiesinterested in using full-scale penetration values converted from the14-scale or the12-scale results may use modified conversio
