1、Designation: D1403 10D1403 18Designation: 310/84 (92)Standard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarterand One-Half Scale Cone Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department
3、 of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases bypenetration of a 14-scale cone or a 12-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked andworked penetrations.1.2 Unworked penetr
4、ations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations.The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In
5、 theUnited States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, heal
6、th, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Intern
7、ational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating GreaseD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and L
8、ubricants2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 50 Method of Testing for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, n of lubricating grease, the degree of resistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used somewhat synonymously w
9、ith penetration. Generally, consistency refers to the worked penetrationof a grease. D2171 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Rel
10、ated Rheological Tests.In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee and accepted bythe cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.Current edition approved May 1, 2010Aug. 1,
11、 2018. Published June 2010October 2018. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 asD140302(2007).D1403 10. DOI: 10.1520/D1403-10.10.1520/D1403-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
12、r Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the us
13、er of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard a
14、s published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between two surfa
15、ces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D41753.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface tension an
16、d otherphysical forces. Other ingredients imparting special properties are often included. D2173.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures the consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under a given force falls into th
17、e material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn these test methods, either a one-quarter scale cone (A1.1) or a one-half scale cone (A1.3) can be used to determine theconsistency of lubricating greases. The penetration forces are determined by the respective masses of the cones and shafts.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubri
18、cating grease, a substance composed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant to formthe products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain non-soap thickeners) which areinsoluble or, at the most,
19、only very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general requirements are that the solid particles beextremely small, uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D2173.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 pen
20、etration, n of lubricating grease, the depth in units of 0.1 mm 0.1 mm that a 14-scale cone or 12-scale cone penetratesthe sample when released to fall under its own weight for 5 s.5 s.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe term penetration used in these test methods is similar to that found in Test Methods D217. Du
21、e to the differences in scale, theterms are not synonymous and should not be confused.3.2.2 penetrometer, nan instrument similar to that shown in Fig. 1 of Test Methods D217, designed to measure the depth towhich the 14-scale or the 12-scale cone falls into grease.3.2.3 unworked penetration, nthe pe
22、netration at 25C (77F)25 C (77 F) of a sample of lubricating grease that has receivedonly minimum disturbance in transfer to a 14-scale or 12-scale grease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.4 worked penetration, nthe penetration of a sample of lubricating grease that has been
23、 brought to 25C (77F),25 C(77 F), subjected to 60 double strokes in a 14-scale or 12-scale grease worker, and penetrated without delay.3.2.5 working, vthe subjection of a lubricating grease to the shearing action of the 14-scale or 12-scale grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The penetration
24、is determined at 2525 C 6 0.5C (770.5 C (77 F 6 1F)1 F) by releasing the 14-scale or 12-scale coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 55 s 6 0.1 s.0.1 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of National Lubricating
25、 Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to 4and is intended for use only where the size of the sample prevents the use of Test Methods D217.5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used or reported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values (seeSections 9 and 10). This te
26、st method is not intended to replace the full-scale penetration as described in Test Methods D217.Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency of lubricatinggreases within the
27、above NLGI consistency numbers.The results obtained from these test methods are widely used for specificationpurposes, however, no correlation with field performance has been established.5.4 Unworked penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consist
28、ency.D1403 1826. Apparatus6.1 PenetrometerAn instrument similar to that shown in Fig. 1 of Test Methods D217, adapted for use with the 14-scale or12-scale cone.NOTE 1Any slight binding in the instrument may produce a significant error in penetration values. Periodic check of the release mechanism, c
29、onedimensions, and weights of cone and its movable attachments is recommended.6.2 14-Scale Cone and Shaft, as specified in A1.1.6.3 14-Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.2.6.4 12-Scale Cone and Shaft, as specified in A1.3.6.5 12-Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.4.6.6 Temperature Bath, ca
30、pable of controlling the bath temperature at 2525 C 6 0.5C (770.5 C (77 F 6 1F)1 F) anddesigned to bring the assembled grease worker to test temperature conveniently. Examples of suitable temperature baths includea water bath, air bath, constant temperature test room, or a temperature-controlled met
31、al block. If a water bath is to be used forsamples for unworked penetration, means should be provided for protecting the grease surface from water and for maintaining theair above the sample at test temperature.An air bath is preferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but a tightly se
32、aledcontainer placed in a water bath will suffice.6.7 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade approximately 13 mm (0.5 in.) 13 mm (0.5 in.) wide and convenient inlength.7. Procedure for Unworked Penetration7.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of the grease worker is required. T
33、hree measurements can be obtained fromone filling of the grease cup, by replacement of grease lost to the cone and repairing of the grease surface.7.2 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPlace the empty grease worker cup and an appropriate amount of the sample in acontainer in the temperature bath maint
34、ained at 2525 C 6 0.5C (770.5 C (77 F 6 1F)1 F) for sufficient time to bring thetemperature of the sample and the worker cup to 2525 C 6 0.5C (770.5 C (77 F 6 1F).1 F). Transfer the sample, preferablyin one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease worker. Make this transfer in such a manner that the
35、grease will be worked as littleas possible. Jar the cup to drive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with as little manipulation as possible to fillthe cup without air pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending above the rim, creating a flat surface, by moving the blade ofthe
36、spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approximately 45, across the rim of the cup, retaining theportion removed. Do not perform any further leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout the determination of unworkedpenetration and determine the measurement immediatel
37、y.NOTE 2The jarring should be as vigorous as required to remove the entrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In performing theseoperations, a minimum of manipulation should be used, as any agitation of the grease can have the effect of applying some working effect on the unworkedgr
38、ease and affecting the result.NOTE 3Retain the grease removed from the cup in scraping for subsequent tests. Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that the grease forcedby the penetrometer cone to overflow the cup can be returned to the cup prior to preparing the specimen for the next test
39、.7.3 Cleaning Cone and ShaftClean the penetrometer cone carefully before each test. Bending of the cone shaft can be avoidedby holding it securely in its raised position while cleaning. Do not permit grease or oil on the penetrometer shaft, as they can causedrag on the shaft assembly. Do not rotate
40、the cone, as this can cause wear on the release mechanism.7.4 Penetration MeasurementPlace the cup on the penetrometer table, making certain that it cannot teeter. Set the mechanismto hold the cone in the zero position of the indicator dial, and adjust the apparatus carefully so that the tip of the
41、cone just touchesthe surface at the center of the test sample. Watching the shadow of the cone tip is an aid to accurate setting. Release the cone shaftrapidly, and allow it to drop for 5.05.0 s 6 0.1 s. 0.1 s. The release mechanism should not drag on the shaft. Gently depress theindicator shaft unt
42、il stopped by the cone shaft and read the penetration to the nearest full unit (0.1 mm) (0.1 mm) from the indicator.NOTE 4If the indicator shaft is depressed with force, the penetration measurement may vary considerably.7.5 Additional TestingMake a total of three tests on the specimen, positioning t
43、he cone in the center of the specimen each time.Between each measurement, replace the grease adhering to the cone with some of the portion removed and saved earlier (7.2). Thecup will need to be jarred to remove any trapped air and the surface will need to be leveled, as described in 7.2. The cone a
44、lsoneeds to be cleaned between measurements, as described in 7.3. Report the average value of the three measurements, to the nearest0.1 mm, 0.1 mm, as the 14-scale or 12-scale unworked penetration of the sample.8. Procedure for Worked Penetration8.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of the
45、 appropriate grease worker is required.8.2 WorkingTransfer sufficient specimen to the cup of the clean grease worker to fill it heaping full, mounded up about 7 mm(0.25 in.) 7 mm (0.25 in.) at the center, avoiding the inclusion of air by packing with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to timeD1403 1
46、83as it is being packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped. Assemble the worker and, with the vent cock open, depress theplunger to the bottom. Close the vent cock and place the assembled worker in the temperature bath maintained at 2525 C60.5C(770.5 C (77 F 6 1F)1 F) until the temperature of
47、 the worker and contents are at 2525 C 6 0.5C (770.5 C (77 F 61F).1 F). Then remove the worker from the bath and wipe off any water adhering to its surfaces. Subject the grease to 60 fulldouble strokes of the plunger, completed in 1 min 6 5 s, 1 min 6 5 s, and return the plunger to its top position.
48、 Open the ventcock, remove the top and plunger, and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be removed.As the worked penetration of a lubricating grease can change significantly on standing, proceed in accordance with 8.3 and 8.4,immediately.NOTE 5If a water ba
49、th is used and if it is desired to immerse the portion of the worker above its closure, take care that the lid is watertight in orderto prevent the entrance of water to the worker.8.3 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPrepare the worked specimen in the cup for testing so that a uniform and reproduciblestructure of the grease will be obtained. Jar the cup sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease down with a spatula to fillthe holes left by the plunger and to remove any air po
