1、Designation: D 1413 07Standard Test Method forWood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the minimumamount of preservative that prevents decay of selected speciesof wood by sele
3、cted fungi under optimum laboratory condi-tions.1.2 The requirements for preparation of the material fortesting and the test procedure appear in the following order:Section Title SectionSummary of Test Method 3Significance and Use 4Apparatus 5Reagents 6Wood and Test Blocks 7Test Fungi 8Culture Media
4、 9Preparation of Test Cultures 10Preparation and Impregnation of Test Blocks 11Conditioning Treated Blocks 12Preservative Permanence: Weathering Procedure 13Stabilization of Treated Test Blocks and Placement in CultureBottles14Incubation and Duration of Test 15Handling Test Blocks After Exposure to
5、Test Fungi 16Calculation of Weight Losses 17Evaluation of Test Results 18Refining the Threshold 19Report 20Precision and Bias 21Keywords 221.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
6、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 841 Specification for Nitration Grade TolueneD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1758 Test Method of Evaluating Wood Preservati
7、ves byField Tests with StakesD 3345 Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Woodand Other Cellulosic Materials for Resistance to TermitesD 3507 Test Methods for Penetration of Preservatives inWood and for Differentiating Between Heartwood andSapwoodE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Te
8、stingPurposes2.2 Other Standards:3AWPA E-1-01 Testing Wood Preservatives by Soil BlockCultures3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Conditioned blocks of wood are impregnated withdifferent concentration solutions of a preservative in water orsuitable organic solvent to produce a series of retentions of thepr
9、eservatives in the blocks. After periods of conditioning orweathering, the impregnated blocks are exposed to one or morestrains of wood-destroying fungi, one fungus for each testseries. The minimum amount of preservative that in theprescribed testing protects the impregnated blocks againstdecay by a
10、 given test fungus is defined as the thresholdretention for that organism. Failure to protect is evidenced byloss of wood from the treated wood blocks, as indicated by aloss in weight.3.2 Provision must be made for coordinated preparation ofthe test cultures and for impregnation, conditioning, or we
11、ath-ering and conditioning, of the test blocks.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in the development of newwood preservatives and preservative systems by evaluating theminimum preservative retention to prevent decay under labo-ratory conditions. The results are used to facilitate
12、targetretentions in subsequent tests for effectiveness against termites(see Test Method D 3345) and in field stakes (see Test MethodD 1758). The sections on Treatment and Preservative Perma-nence are referenced by other ASTM standards. The test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
13、ittee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.06 on Treatments for WoodProducts.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 1413 05b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
14、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Wood-Preservers Association (AWPA), P.O. Box361784 Birmingham AL 35236 ()1Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.method assumes that the test blocks exposed to certain condi-tions after treatment will achieve equilibrium, and will returnto the same equilibrium after exposure to fungi. This assump-tion may lead to
16、 weight loss that is not due to decay. The testuses live cultures of fungal organisms that require carefulcolonization, storage, and feeding to remain viable strains.5. Apparatus5.1 Conditioning Chamber or Room, maintained at a se-lected temperature between 20 and 30C (68 and 86F) and aselected rela
17、tive humidity between 25 and 75 %. The selectedtemperature shall not vary more than 61C (62F) and theselected humidity not more than 62%.45.2 Incubation Room or Incubation Cabinet, maintained at aselected temperature between 25 and 27C (77 and 81F) anda relative humidity between 65 and 75 %. The sel
18、ectedtemperature shall not vary more than 61C (62F) and theselected humidity percentage not more than 2.5.3 Drying OvenA suitable, vented oven, maintained at atemperature of 105 6 2C (220 6 4F).5.4 Steam Sterilizer.5.5 Balances, fast-acting types preferred, sensitive and ac-curate to 0.01 g.5.6 Vacu
19、um Pump or Water Suction Pump, capable ofreducing pressure to 100 mm (3.94 in.) Hg, or less.5.7 Impregnation ApparatusA suitable desiccator or belljar shielded to protect personnel in event of breakage, providedwith suitable separatory funnel or auxiliary flask for holdingthe treating solution and v
20、acuum gage or manometer (Fig. 1).5.8 Trays or Racks, or Pin BarsTrays or racks made fromsuitable screening to permit free air movement around eachblock during initial drying and for convenient handling of thetest blocks. Pin bars facilitate handling (see 7.2).5.9 Weathering Apparatus:5.9.1 Forced Dr
21、aft Oven.55.9.2 600 cm3breakers for weathering of oil-type preserva-tives.5.9.3 225 cm3wide-mouth screw cap bottles for weatheringwater-borne preservatives.5.10 Culture Bottles, cylindrical or square (Note 1), capacitynominal 225 or 450 cm3(8 or 16 oz), fitted with screw capswithout liners (Fig. 2).
22、 An alternate lid fitted (Note 2) with a25-mm autoclavable filter with a pore size of 0.2 microns ispermitted to reduce or prevent mite infestation during the test.NOTE 1Culture Bottles:(1) 225-cm3(8-oz) French square, for use with one block only.(2) 225-cm3(8-oz) cylindrical, for use with one or tw
23、o blocks.(3) 450-cm3(16-oz) cylindrical, for use with two blocks only.NOTE 2Prepare the lids by drilling a 6.4-mm hole in the center andlightly sanding the underside with medium grit paper. Adhere the filterwith a small amount of high temperature silicon or slow-curing epoxy andcure overnight. Ensur
24、e that the adhesive does not covered the drilled hole.5.11 Soil SievesU.S. No. 6 sieve in accordance withSpecification E11.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the Specificatio
25、ns of the Com-mittee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical4Scheffer, T. C., “Humidity Controls for Conditioning Rooms,” Forest ProductsLaboratory Report No. 2048, U.S. Forest Service, 4 pp., 5 Figs., January 1956.5Blue M Model OV 490A, or equivalent, has been found satisfactory. If you are
26、aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.AVacuum desiccator, internal diameter 250 mm.BPlastic or glass treatment beak
27、er.CTest wood blocks.DGlass or other suitable weight.ETreating solution.FPolyethylene tubing.GThree-way stopcock with TFE-fluorocarbon plug.HFlask containing treating solution.IGlass joint with O-ring leading to either vacuum gage or manometer.JGlass joint with O-ring.KFlask for vacuum trap.LStopcoc
28、k to atmosphere.MLine to source of vacuum.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Vacuum ImpregnationD1413072Society, where such specifications are available.6Other gradesmay be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent isof sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lesseningthe accuracy of the
29、determination.6.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Type IV of Specification D 1193.6.3 Toluene, conforming to Specification D 841.7. Wood7.1 General PropertiesThe selection of either a hardwoodor softwood is dependan
30、t on the products to be treated for theselected preservatives. Selected wood shall be free of knots andvisible concentration of resins, and showing no visible evi-dence of colonization by mold, stain, or wood-destroyingfungi, with 212 to 4 rings/cm (6 to 10 rings/in.). Wheneverpracticable, begin sel
31、ection of the wood for the test blocks atthe sawmill. Quarter-sawed boards are preferable. Newly cutboards, nominally 25 mm (1 in.) thick, that are immediatelykiln dried without antistain treatment provide chemical-freewood that has had minimum opportunity for fungus infectionprior to use in the soi
32、l-block culture test.7.1.1 For softwoods, Pine sapwood shall be used for testsintended to show comparative wood preserving values underthe test. If southern pine is used, it should be 40 to 50 %summerwood, Report the species of wood and growth charac-teristics of selected specimens.7.1.2 For hardwoo
33、ds, use sapwood from sweet-gum (Liq-uidambar styraciflua L.) or yellow poplar (Liriodendron tu-lipeifera L.).7.1.3 Sapwood IdentificationWhen the boundary betweenheartwood and sapwood is difficult to recognize, use a colortest (see Test Method D 3507 to distinguish between the two.Sample blocks shal
34、l be all sapwood.7.2 Test Blocks (Note 3) Mill-test blocks as accurately aspossible to 19 mm on each face. The volume of the blocks(without holes) shall be 6.9 6 0.2 cm3as determined bycalipers.NOTE 3For convenience in handling, blocks may be drilled throughthe center of a tangential face with a 3-m
35、m drill (approximately 0.125 in.or a No. 30 drill). Pin bars may then be used for handling. Store workingstocks of test blocks and feeder strips in the conditioning room. It isdesirable to weigh the blocks after they come to approximate equilibriummoisture content in storage or in the conditioning r
36、oom, and to sort theminto fairly narrow-range weight groups. Since the blocks are cut accuratelyto size this division into weight groups is, in effect, a segregation intodensity groups (see 11.4).7.3 Feeder Strips:7.3.1 General ConsiderationsOne feeder strip is requiredfor each culture bottle (Fig.
37、2). If test blocks other than pine areused for special investigations, the sapwood selected for feederstrips shall be capable of furnishing a satisfactory growth of thetest fungus; for example, sweetgum sapwood often is used withhardwood test blocks.7.3.2 SizeThe feeder strips are cut 3 by 28 by 35
38、mm (18by 118 by 138 in.) with the grain of the wood parallel to eitherof the longer dimensions. The exact dimensions are not critical,but in bottles with two test blocks, the blocks shall not contacteach other.8. Test Fungi8.1 General ConsiderationsAlways include a compara-tively tolerant fungus (se
39、e 8.2 and 8.3) in testing a preservative.NOTE 4Other economically important fungi may be use din additionto the tolerant fungus in special investigations, or in some cases,substituted for it. (see AWPA E-10). The following numbers refer tostandard strains of test fungi maintained in the American Typ
40、e CultureCollection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852.8.2 Fungus Species for Softwood Sapwoods:8.2.1 Neolentinus lepideus (Fr:Fr.) Redhead and Ginns.(Madison 534, ATCC No. 12653)A fungus particularlytolerant to creosote or to mixtures containing creosotes.8.2.2 Gloeophyllum trabeum (
41、Pers. ex. Fr.)Murr. = Lenzites trabea Pers. ex. Fr. (Madison 617, ATCCNo. 11539)A fungus particularly tolerant to phenolic andarsenic compounds.8.2.3 Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Larsen et Lombard = Poriamonticolor Murr. (Madison 698, ATCC No. 11538)A fun-gus particularly tolerant to copper and zinc com
42、pounds.8.3 Fungus Species for Hardwood Sapwoods:8.3.1 The three fungi listed in 8.2.8.3.2 Trametes versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Pilt = Polyporusversicolor L. ex. Fr. (ATCC No. 42462), a white-rot fungusprevalent on hardwood products.9. Culture Media9.1 Malt Agar SubstrateFor both stock test-tube and petri
43、dish cultures of the test fungi, use a nutrient medium consistingof about 2 weight % malt extract and 1.5 weight % agar.Sterilize the medium at 103 kPa (15 psi) for 20 min and allowto cool before inoculations.9.2 Soil SubstrateUse a soil substrate with a water-holding capacity between 20 and 40 % (N
44、ote 5) and pHbetween 5.0 and 8.0 and weighing not less than 90 g/120 cm3.9.2.1 Determination of Water-Holding Capacity of SoilAfter breaking up all clumps, mix and screen the soil throughthe U.S. No. 6 sieve and store in large covered containers. The6Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Spec
45、ifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Conve
46、ntion, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.AWood cubes, 19-mm or 0.75-in.BTest fungus growing over feeder block.CWood feeder strip, one feeder strip foreach culture bottleDSoil.FIG. 2 French Square and Cylindrical 225 cm3(8 oz) andcylindrical 450-mm (16-oz) Culture Bottles with Metal Screw LidsD1413073soil sh
47、ould not be so wet when it is sifted that the particlesagain stick together. Pass a sample of air-dry soil through aU.S. No. 6 sieve. Determine the water-holding capacity asfollows. Use the sieved soil to fill a small Buchner funnelapproximately 50 mm in diameter and 25 mm in depth, andfitted with r
48、apid-filtering paper, to somewhat more than capac-ity. Compact the soil by dropping the funnel three timesthrough a height of 10 mm (0.4 in.) on a wooden tabletop.Level the soil surface by cutting off excess soil with a spatulaat the top of the funnel without further compaction. Then placethe filled
49、 funnel in a 400-cm3beaker and retain in an uprightposition by wedges at the sides of the funnel. Add water to thebeaker to a depth slightly beyond the level of the filter paper.Allow the soil to wet by capillarity so as to reduce the dangerof entrapping air within the column. When the upper soilsurface shows signs of wetting, add more water until the waterlevel approximates the upper surface of the funnel. Place acover over the beaker, and allow the soil to soak for 12 h orovernight. Then place the funnel in a s
