1、Designation: D1460 86 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyChange in Length During LiquidImmersion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a technique to measure theeffect of immersion liquids on rubber vulcanizates or rubberym
3、aterials. Change in specimen geometry and dimensions areobserved through the transparent walls of the tube containingthe specimen immersed in the liquid. Although it may beemployed with any liquid, it is especially applicable to liquidsthat are so volatile that they must be maintained under pressure
4、during the period of immersion.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method D471 in thatvolume changes are approximated from observed dimensionalchanges rather than being calculated directly.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to ad
5、dress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D471 Test Me
6、thod for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD1349 Practice for RubberStandard Conditions for Test-ingD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from P
7、roducts3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method gives the rubber technologist twomeans to evaluate the effect of liquids on rubber vulcanizatesor rubbery materials. Volatile, nonvolatile, and other liquidsthat require pressure to maintain a liquid state may be used.Data obtained on rubbery materi
8、als exposed to liquids by thismethod may be used to predict their behavior in applicationsinvolving similar exposure. These changes in length have beenfound to be useful for specifications but do not necessarilyindicate changes for design purposes.4. Test Fluid4.1 The test liquid may be any one of t
9、he standard liquidsdescribed in Test Method D471, or any other liquids to whichthe vulcanizate may be exposed in service. Mixtures of volatileliquid and oil may be employed in Apparatus B, in which casethe oil shall be introduced with the specimen, and the volatileliquid introduced later by way of t
10、he lower valve.5. Apparatus5.1 Two types of apparatus may be used, as follows:5.1.1 Apparatus A consists of a plain glass tube 10 mm inoutside diameter and 250 mm long, sealed at one end. A glassrod 7.5 mm in diameter and approximately 20 mm in length isplaced in the bottom of each tube to support t
11、he test specimen.The opposite end of the tube is closed by a small vented rubberstopper after the fluid and specimen have been introduced, or,in the case of a volatile liquid, this end may be heat-sealed.5.1.2 Apparatus B consists of a 300-mm (12-in.) length ofextra-heavy glass pipe with flanged end
12、s, approximately 20mm (34 in.) in inside diameter, one end being closed originallyby a blind flange with suitable gasket, and the other by asimilar blind flange applied after the specimen has beenintroduced. Both flanges are drilled, tapped, and connected tometal valves by short lengths of threaded
13、tubing. The lowervalve is for admitting the fluid after the pipe has been closed;the upper valve is for discharging the vapors of the liquid at theconclusion of the test.5.2 Apparatus B is preferred to Apparatus A when employ-ing a liquid that requires pressure (not exceeding 1.1 MPa (160psi) to mai
14、ntain it in the liquid state during the period ofimmersion. This category includes most refrigerants, liquidpetroleum gases, anhydrous ammonia, and so forth. By the useof Apparatus B, the difficult and possibly hazardous operationof heat-sealing the tube is avoided. For pressures above 1.11This test
15、 method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1460 86 (2010).DOI: 10.1
16、520/D1460-86R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
17、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1MPa (160 psi) it is still necessary to employApparatusA, usingtubing of sufficient wall thickness to support the pressure. Foruse with Apparatus B, it is assumed that the liquid is availablein a metal container with threaded connec
18、tion suitable forattaching to the lower valve.6. Accessory Apparatus6.1 Reading Table (for Apparatus A only)The readingtable shall consist of a glass plate to which a sheet of millimetregraph paper is taped, and illuminated from below.6.2 Specimen Holder (for Apparatus B only)The speci-men holder sh
19、all consist of a 250 by 16-mm (10 by58-in.) stripof cardboard or thin wood with one bench mark inscribed onone face about 50 mm (2 in.) from the upper end, a secondbench mark 100 mm (5 in.) below the first, and a series of1-mm (0.050-in.) graduations extending both below and abovethe lower bench mar
20、k. Each graduation corresponds to a 1%change in length, and the number of graduations should beenough to measure the maximum increase (or decrease) inlength developed by the material under test.6.3 Rack (optional), for supporting any number of contain-ers of either type in the vertical position.6.4
21、Conditioning Room, maintained at 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) for tests at room temperature, or, optionally, at othertemperatures.6.5 Thermostatically Controlled Oven or Liquid Bath, fortests at any specified elevated temperatures specified in Prac-tice D1349.7. Test Specimens7.1 For Use With Apparatus AThe
22、 test specimen shall bea rectangular strip 100 mm (4.0 in.) in length by 1.6 mm(0.0625 in.) in width, cut from a standard 2.0 mm (0.075 in.)thick sheet prepared as described in Practices D3182 andD3183, or an equivalent specimen cut from a commercialarticle where feasible. In general, one specimen s
23、hall be cut inthe longitudinal and one in the transverse direction of the grain.7.2 For Use With Apparatus BThe test specimen shall bea rectangular strip 150 mm (6 in.) in length and 10 to 15 mm(0.4 to 0.6 in.) in width, prepared in all other respects inaccordance with 7.1.8. Procedure8.1 For Appara
24、tus APlace each specimen in a tube so thatthe lower end of the specimen rests on the glass rod of the tube.Measure the original length of the specimen, L1, by means ofthe reading table.Add 10 cm3of test liquid, and stopper or sealthe tube according to the type of liquid employed. Afterconditioning f
25、or the desired time at a temperature in accor-dance with Practice D1349 and returning to 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) place the tube on the reading table and read theimmersed length, L2. In reading, avoid parallax by lining up aline on the graph paper with its reflection in the walls of thetube. Calculate t
26、he percentage increase in length as follows:Increase in length,%=(L2 L1)/L1 100If L1does not appreciably deviate from 100 mm, thepercentage increase may be given simply as L2 L1.8.2 For Apparatus BInscribe the specimen with a benchmark exactly 127 mm (5 in.) from its lower edge. Staple thisbench mar
27、k to the upper bench mark of the specimen holder,using a commercial stapling machine. The lower edge of thespecimen will now be even with the lower bench mark on theholder. Place the assembly of specimen and holder in the pipeso that the bottom of the specimen holder rests on the lowerflange. If a m
28、ixture of oil and volatile liquid is to be employed,the oil shall be introduced at this point. Bolt the upper flange onwith the valve open. Connect the cylinder of test liquid to thelower valve and then open this valve and the cylinder valve topermit the test liquid to fill the pipe to a point 12 mm
29、 (12 in.)above the top of the specimen. Considerable boiling will takeplace during this operation, the vapors escaping by way of theupper valve. Close both valves and disconnect the cylinder. Ifoil is present, mix the liquids by inverting the pipe. Conditionthe pipe as in 8.1 and bring the pipe to 2
30、3 6 2C (73.4 63.6F). Determine the percentage increase or decrease in lengthby direct observation of the position of the lower edge of thespecimen. At the conclusion of the test, open the upper valveand allow the liquid to boil away before disassembling theapparatus.9. Report9.1 The report shall inc
31、lude the following:9.1.1 The apparatus employed,9.1.2 Type of test fluid,9.1.3 Time and temperature of immersion,9.1.4 Increase in length of specimens in percent of original,giving separate values for longitudinal and transversespecimens, and the change in length for all specimens, and9.1.5 An appro
32、ximate estimate of volume increase, whichmay be read from Table 1, determined from the averageincrease in length.NOTE 1This table is based on the assumption that an increase in theunmeasured dimension (thickness) corresponds to the average of thelength and cross directions, which may not be correct
33、in the case ofvulcanizates with pronounced grain characteristics or those containinganisotropic fillers.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Due to a lack of laboratories willing to participate inround-robin testing, no precision data are available for this testmethod.11. Keywords11.1 length change; liquid im
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39、0; http:/ 1 Relationship of L to VNOTE 1L is the corrected percentage difference in length of the test specimen and V is the corresponding change in volume expressed as apercentage of the original volume of the specimen.L,% V,% L,% V,% L,% V,% L,% V,% L,% V,%0.5 1.5 20.5 75.0 40.5 177.3 60.5 313.5 8
40、0.5 488.11.0 3.0 21.0 77.2 41.0 180.3 61 317.3 81 493.01.5 4.5 21.5 79.4 41.5 183.3 61.5 321.2 81.5 498.02.0 6.1 22.0 81.6 42.0 186.3 62 325.2 82 502.92.5 7.6 22.5 83.8 42.5 189.3 62.5 329.1 82.5 507.93.0 9.2 23.0 86.1 43.0 192.4 63 333.1 83 512.83.5 10.8 23.5 88.4 43.5 195.5 63.5 337.1 83.5 517.94.
41、0 12.5 24.0 90.7 44.0 198.6 64 341.1 84 523.04.5 14.1 24.5 93.0 44.5 201.7 64.5 345.1 84.5 528.15.0 15.8 25.0 95.3 45.0 204.9 65 349.2 85 533.25.5 17.4 25.5 97.5 45.5 208.0 65.5 353.3 85.5 538.36.0 19.1 26.0 100.0 46.0 211.2 66 357.4 86 543.56.5 20.8 26.5 102.4 46.5 214.4 66.5 361.6 86.5 548.77.0 22
42、.5 27.0 104.8 47.0 217.7 67 365.7 87 553.97.5 24.2 27.5 107.2 47.5 220.9 67.5 369.9 87.5 559.28.0 26.0 28.0 109.7 48.0 224.2 68 374.2 88 564.58.5 27.7 28.5 112.2 48.5 227.3 68.5 378.5 88.5 569.89.0 29.5 29.0 114.7 49.0 230.8 69 382.7 89 575.19.5 31.3 29.5 117.2 49.5 234.1 69.5 387.0 89.5 580.510.0 3
43、3.1 30.0 119.7 50.0 237.5 70 391.3 90 585.910.5 34.9 30.5 122.2 50.5 240.9 70.5 395.6 90.5 591.311.0 36.8 31.0 124.8 51.0 244.3 71 400.0 91 596.811.5 38.6 31.5 127.0 51.5 247.8 71.5 404.4 91.5 602.312.0 40.5 32.0 130.0 52 251.2 72 408.8 92 607.812.5 42.4 32.5 132.6 52.5 254.7 72.5 413.3 92.5 613.313
44、.0 44.3 33.0 135.3 53 258.2 73 417.8 93 618.913.5 46.1 33.5 137.9 53.5 261.7 73.5 422.3 93.5 624.514.0 48.2 34.0 140.6 54 265.2 74 426.8 94 630.114.5 50.0 34.5 143.3 54.5 268.8 74.5 431.3 94.5 635.815.0 52.1 35.0 146.0 55 272.4 75 435.9 95 641.515.5 54.1 35.5 148.7 55.5 276.0 75.5 440.1 95.5 647.216
45、.0 56.1 36.0 151.5 56 279.6 76 445.2 96 653.016.5 58.1 36.5 154.3 56.5 283.3 76.5 449.8 96.5 658.817.0 60.2 37.0 157.1 57 287.0 77 454.5 97 664.517.5 62.2 37.5 159.9 57.5 290.7 77.5 461.2 97.5 670.318.0 64.3 38.0 162.8 58 294.4 78 464.0 98 676.218.5 66.4 38.5 165.7 58.5 298.2 78.5 468.8 98.5 682.119.0 68.5 39.0 168.6 59 302.0 79 473.5 99 688.119.5 70.6 39.5 171.5 59.5 305.8 79.5 478.3 99.5 694.120.0 72.8 40.0 174.4 60 309.6 80 483.2 100 700.0D1460 86 (2014)3
