1、Designation: D1499 13Standard Practice forFiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1499; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test con
3、di-tions that are applicable for exposure of plastics in filteredopen-flame carbon-arc devices conducted in accordance withPractices G151 and G152. This practice also covers thepreparation of test specimens, the test condition suited forplastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 This practice
4、does not cover enclosed carbon-arc expo-sures of plastics, which had been allowed in Practice D1499.Enclosed carbon-arc exposures of plastics are described inPractice D6360, and in G153, which gives requirements forexposing nonmetallic materials in enclosed carbon-arc devices.1.3 The values stated i
5、n SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are given for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
6、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3D5870 Practice for Calcu
7、lating Property Retention Index ofPlasticsD6360 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plas-ticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Gu
8、ide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG1
9、52 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods toWeathering Tests2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 4892
10、-4 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp3. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Terminology G113 are applicable tothis practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration ofits electrical, mechanical, and optic
11、al properties caused byexposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant formany applications. This practice is intended to induce propertychanges associated with end-use conditions, including theeffects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used inthis practice is not intended to s
12、imulate the deterioration causedby localized weather phenomena, such as, atmosphericpollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.4.2 CautionsVariation in results may be expected whenoperating conditions are varied within the accepted limits ofthis practice. Therefore, no reference to the use
13、 of this practiceshall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared inaccordance with Section 9 that describes the specific operating1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.Current e
14、dition approved July 15, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1499 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D1499-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
15、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.*A Summary of
16、 Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed informa-tion on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained inaccordance wi
17、th this practice.NOTE 2Additional information on sources of variability and onstrategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and dataanalysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from anopen-flame carbon-arc i
18、s significantly different from thatproduced in light and water exposure devices using othercarbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type andrate of degradation and the performance rankings produced byexposures to filtered open-flame carbon-arcs can be muchdifferent from those produced b
19、y exposures to other types oflaboratory light sources.4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when alllaboratories use the same type of carbon-arc, filters, andexposure conditions.4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories hasbeen shown to be good when the stability of materia
20、ls isevaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to othermaterials or to a control.5,6Therefore, exposure of a similarmaterial of known performance (a control) at the same time asthe test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommendedthat at least three replicates of each material be ex
21、posed toallow for statistical evaluation of results.4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken tooperate the equipment in accordance with Practice G152.Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedomfrom salt or other deposits from water, temperature andhumidity control
22、, and conditions of the electrodes.5. Apparatus5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus that con-forms to the requirements defined in Practices G151 and G152.5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu-tion of the filtered open-flame carbon-arc shall conform to therequirement
23、s in Practice G152 for carbon-arc with daylightfilters.6. Test Specimen6.1 The size and shape of specimens to be exposed will bedetermined by the specifications of the particular test methodused to evaluate the effects of the exposure on the specimens;the test method shall be determined by the parti
24、es concerned.Where practical, it is recommended that specimens be sized tofit specimen holders and racks supplied with the exposureapparatus. Unless supplied with a specific backing as anintegral part of the test, specimens shall be mounted so thatonly the minimum specimen area required for support
25、by theholder shall be covered. This unexposed surface must not beused as part of the test area. When necessary, to providerigidity, flexible specimens should be attached to, or backed by,a panel made of aluminum, 0.025-in. (0.64-mm) thick.6.2 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-c
26、ate specimens of each test and control material.6.3 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of allmaterial evaluated.6.3.1 When destructive tests are run, ensure that sufficientfile specimens are retained so that the property of interest canbe determined on unexposed file specimens each time exp
27、osedmaterials are evaluated.6.4 Specimens should not be removed from the exposureapparatus for more than 24 h and then returned for additionaltests, since this does not produce the same results on allmaterials as tests run without this type of interruption. Whenspecimens are removed from the exposur
28、e apparatus for 24 h ormore and then returned for additional exposure, report theelapsed time in accordance with Section 9.NOTE 3Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, orwhere small differences in the order of ac
29、ceptable limits are anticipated,comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid.Instrumental measurements are recommended whenever possible.6.5 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 foridentification and conditioning and handling of test specimens,and reference mat
30、erials prior to, during, and after exposure.6.6 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose ofshowing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since themasked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperatureand humidity cycle
31、s that in many cases will affect results.6.7 Since the thickness of a specimen may markedly affectthe results, thickness of test and control specimens shall bewithin 610 % of the nominal dimensions.NOTE 4This is especially important when mechanical properties arebeing investigated.6.8 Incident energ
32、y at the extremes of the specimen expo-sure area in older equipment may be only 60 to 70 % of that atthe center. If the irradiance at any position within the exposurearea is less than 90 % of the peak irradiance, follow one of theprocedures outlined in Practice G152 to ensure either equalradiant exp
33、osure or compensation for differences in radiantexposure.7. Procedure7.1 It is recommended that a control material be exposedsimultaneously with experimental materials for determinationof relative performance, if performance comparisons are notbeing made between the test materials themselves. All co
34、n-cerned parties must agree on the control material used.7.1.1 Identification of any control specimen used shallaccompany the report.7.2 Mount the test specimens in the specimen exposure areawith the test surfaces facing the lamp. When the test specimens5Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies
35、of Light- and Water-ExposureStandard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of OrganicMaterials, ASTM STP 1202, Warren D. Ketola and Douglas Grossman, eds.,American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993.6Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Refere
36、nce Materialsin Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, available fromNIST, Gaithersburg, MD.D1499 132do not completely fill the exposure area, fill the empty spaceswith blank metal panels to maintain the test conditions withinthe chamber.7.3 Confine specimens to an exposure ar
37、ea where theirradiance is at least 90 % of that measured at the center of theexposure area. In areas where the irradiance is between 70 and90 % of maximum irradiance, follow one of the proceduresoutlined in Practice G152 to ensure either equal radiantexposure or compensation for differences in radia
38、nt exposure.Determine irradiance uniformity in accordance with PracticeG151.7.4 Practice G152 lists several exposure cycles that are usedfor filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of nonmetallicmaterials. Obtain mutual agreement between all concernedparties for the specific exposure cycle used. Ad
39、ditional inter-vals and methods of wetting, by spray, condensation, orimmersion, or a combination of these, may be substituted uponmutual agreement between the concerned parties.NOTE 5Spray, condensation, and immersion are different types ofmoisture exposures and frequently produce different results
40、.7.4.1 By historical convention, the following exposure cyclehas been commonly used for plastics.NOTE 6Unless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to maintainthe specified operational fluctuations for the parameters below. If theactual operating conditions do not agree with the machine setting
41、s afterthe equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause ofthe disagreement before continuing.NOTE 7Set points and operational fluctuations could either be listedindependently of each other, or they could be listed in the format: Set point6 operational fluctuations. The set po
42、int is the target condition for thesensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user.Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at thecontrol point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensorduring equilibrium operation and do not include
43、measurement uncertainty.At the operational control point, the operational fluctuation can exceed nomore than the listed value at equilibrium. Therefore, when a standard callsfor a particular set point, the user programs that exact number. Theoperational fluctuations specified with the set point do n
44、ot imply that theuser is allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact setpoint specified.7.4.1.1 Continuous light with equilibrium uninsulated blackpanel temperature controlled to 63 6 3C (145 6 9F),consisting of the following alternating intervals:7.4.1.2 102 minutes light only fol
45、lowed by 18 minutes oflight with water sprayed on the test specimens.7.4.1.3 Unless otherwise specified in devices which allowfor control of relative humidity, control the relative humidity ata506 5 % equilibrium during the light-only interval.7.4.1.4 Unless otherwise specified, in devices which all
46、owfor control of air chamber temperature, control the chambertemperature at 44 6 2C (111 6 4F).NOTE 8The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained withouta spray period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the maximum blackpanel temperature may not reach equilibrium.NOTE 9The test cycle desc
47、ribed in 7.4.1 is also referred to as the“102-18 cycle” and may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoorexposure.7.5 Water Purity:7.5.1 The purity of water used for specimen spray is veryimportant. Without proper treatment to remove cations, anions,organics, and particularly silica, exposed pa
48、nels will developspots or stains that may not occur in exterior exposures.7.5.2 Follow the requirements for water purity described inPractice G151.7.5.3 If specimens are found to have deposits or stains afterexposure in the apparatus, the water purity must be checked todetermine if it meets the requ
49、irements of 7.5.2. On someoccasions, exposed specimens can be contaminated by depositsfrom bacteria that can grow in the purified water used forspecimen spray. If bacterial contamination is detected, theentire system used for specimen water spray must be flushedwith chlorine and thoroughly rinsed prior to resuming expo-sures.7.5.4 The typical temperature of water used for specimenspray is 21 6 5C (70 6 9F). However, if ambient tempera-ture is low and a holding tank is not used to store purifiedwater, the temperature of water used for specimen spray maybe below the ty
