1、Designation: D1518 11aD1518 14Standard Test Method forThermal Resistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1518; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard replaces D1518-85, Thermal Transmittance of Textile Materials. This standardprovides a method for measurin
3、g the thermal resistance (insulation) provided by battings andbatting/fabric systems under still air conditions or an air flow condition. Other hot plate standardsF1868 and ISO 11092 provide a method for measuring the thermal resistance and evaporativeresistance of fabrics and fabric systems. The me
4、thod for measuring fabric insulation in these standardsis comparable to Option 2: Air Velocity Condition in D1518. These standards can be used to comparethe thermal properties of textile materials. Manikin standards F1291 and F2370 can be used tomeasure and compare the thermal resistance and evapora
5、tive resistance of clothing systems,respectively. Manikin standard F1720 can be used to measure the insulation provided by sleeping bagsystems.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, under steady-state conditions, of battings andbatting/fabric systems, and othe
6、r materials within the limits specified in 1.2. It measures the heat transfer from a warm, dry,constant-temperature, horizontal flat-plate up through a layer of the test material to a cool atmosphere and calculates the resistanceof the material. The measurements are made under still air conditions (
7、Option #1) or with a horizontal air flow over the specimen(Option #2).1.2 For practical purposes, this test method is limited to determinations on specimens of battings and layered batting/fabricassemblies having an intrinsic thermal resistance from 0.1 to 1.5 Km2/W and thicknesses not in excess of
8、50 mm.1.3 This test method also provides a method for determining the bulk density of the material, the insulation per unit thickness,and the insulation per unit weight.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns
9、associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever usesthis standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3776
10、Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of FabricE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
11、Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF1720 Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Condition
12、ing and, Chemicaland Thermal Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2011July 1, 2014. Published August 2011August 2014. Originally published as D1518 57 T. Last previous edition approved in 2011as D1518 11.D1518 11a. DOI: 10.1520/D1518-11A.10.1520/D1518-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit
13、theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard
14、an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is
15、to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1868 Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot PlateF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evapor
16、ative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 11092 TextilesPhysiological EffectsMeasurement of Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-State Condi-tions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)ISO 9073-2 TextileTest Methods for NonwovensPart 2: Determination of Thickn
17、ess3. Terminology3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulk density, clo, thermal resistance, thermal insulation.3.2 For terminology relating to thermal resistance and insulation see Terminology F1494.3.3 For terminology relating to textiles see Terminology D123.4. Significance and
18、Use4.1 The thermal resistance of a batting or batting/fabric system is of considerable importance in determining its suitability foruse in fabricating cold weather protective clothing, sleeping bags, and bedding systems. The thermal interchange between man andhis environment is, however, an extremel
19、y complicated subject which involves many factors in addition to the insulation valuesof fabrics and battings. Therefore, measured thermal insulation values can only indicate relative merit of a particular material.5. Interferences5.1 Departures from the instructions of this test method may lead to
20、significantly different test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures fromthe instructions are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate the need for such
21、 technicalknowledge. Report any departures from the instructions of Test Method D1518 with the results.6. Apparatus (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 32)NOTE 1The drawings, illustrations, illustrations and captions (including dimensions) shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2 are provided as informationalguidance only a
22、nd are not to be taken as prescriptive design criteria or construction drawings. The information is given as guidance for possible designconcepts only. The final design of equipment, including necessary wiring, will be dictated by the choice of the electrical measuring and controlequipment.dimension
23、s of component parts, selection of electrical components and selection of sensors, shall be in conformance with the specificationsset forth in the body of this standard.6.1 Hot PlateA guarded flat plate composed of a test plate, guard ring, and bottom plate as follows, each electricallymaintained at
24、 a constant temperature in the range of human skin temperature (33 to 38C).3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.FIG. 1 Hot Plate with Guard Ring and Hood (No Air Velocity Method) Dimensions in mmD1518 1426.1.
25、1 Test PlateThe test plate portion of the hot plate shall be at least 254 mm (10.0 in.) square and shall be placed at the centerof the upper surface of the hot-plate assembly. It shall be made of aluminum or copper with a dull black coating to approximatethe emissivity of human skin. The heating ele
26、ment shall be uniformly distributed over the entire area of the test plate, mountedwithin 3 mm (0.1 in.) of the upper plate surface and well-thermally coupled to it.6.1.2 Guard RingThe guard ring bordering the test plate shall be at least 127 mm (5.0 in.) in width and shall be of the samethickness,
27、composition, and type of construction as the test plate. It shall be coplanar with the test plate, and shall be separatedfrom it by means of a strip of cork or other suitable insulating material approximately 3-mm (0.1-in.) wide. The guard ring shallbe designed to prevent lateral loss of heat from t
28、he test plate.6.1.3 Bottom PlateThe bottom plate shall be in a plane parallel to the test plate and guard ring, and at a distance of at least25 mm (1.0 in.) but not in excess of 75 mm (3.0 in.) beneath them. It shall be separated from the test plate and guard ring andthe air pocket formed thereby, o
29、r by other means of causing air entrapment. The dimensions offered as suggested designspecifications are shown in Fig. 32. The purpose of the bottom plate is to prevent a downward loss of heat from the test plate andguard ring.6.2 Temperature ControlSeparate independent temperature control is requir
30、ed for the three sections of the hot plate (test plate,guard section, and bottom plate). Temperature control may be achieved by independent adjustments to the voltage or current, orboth, supplied to the heaters using solid state power supplies, solid-state relays (proportional time on), adjustable t
31、ransformers,variable impedances, or intermittent heating cycles. The test plate, guard, and bottom plate sections shall be controlled to measurethe same temperature to within 60.1C of each other.6.3 Power-Measuring InstrumentsPower to the hot plate test section shall be measured to provide an accura
32、te average overthe period of the test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used for the power control, then devices that are capable ofaveraging over the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hour transducers) are preferred over instantaneous devices(watt meters). Overall
33、 accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must be within 62 % of the reading for the average powerfor the test period.FIG. 2 Hot Plate, Top View, Showing Location of Thermistors and Thermocouples on Test Section and Guard RingFIG. 32 Example of a Hot Plate Apparatus, Showing DimensionsDimensions i
34、n mmD1518 1436.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature sensors shall be thermistors, thermocouples, resistance temperature devices (RTDs), orequivalent sensors. The test plate, guard section, and bottom plate shall each contain one or more temperature sensors that aremounted flush with the hot plate surfac
35、e or within 3 mm of the hot plate surface in such a manner that they measure the surfacetemperature within 60.1C.6.5 Controlled Atmosphere ChamberThe hot plate shall be housed in an environmental chamber that can be maintained atselected temperatures between 1 and 20C, or lower (see 8.1.2.1.) The te
36、st chamber wall temperature shall be 60.5C of the airin the chamber. The relative humidity shall be maintained between 20 and 80 %.6.6 HoodThe hot plate shall be covered with a hood to control air flow.6.6.1 Option 1: Still Air ConditionA box-shaped hood made of fabric on a frame with the dimensions
37、 shown in Fig. 1 isneeded to cover the plate so as to maintain still air conditions over the specimen. The fabric cover must be breathable so that heatbuildup is minimized inside the hood. Thin elastic knits have been successfully used to reduce air velocity in this application.6.6.2 Option 2: Air V
38、elocity ConditionAn air flow hood is needed that provides 1.0 m/s of air velocity over the batting/fabricspecimen in the horizontal direction. The height of the air space above the bare plate or specimen should stay the same from testto test. Therefore, the position of the hood needs to be adjustabl
39、e relative to the plate surface, or the plate surface needs to beadjustable relative to the fixed position of the hood to accommodate varying sample thicknesses and to prevent air from flowinginto the edge of the sample.6.7 Measuring Environmental ParametersThe air temperature, relative humidity, an
40、d air velocity shall be measured asfollows:6.7.1 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentEither a wet-and-dry bulb psychrometer, a dew point hygrometer, or otherelectronic humidity measuring device shall be used to measure the relative humidity inside the chamber. The relative humiditysensing devices s
41、hall have an overall accuracy of at least 64 %.6.7.2 Air Temperature SensorsAir temperature sensors with an overall accuracy of 60.1C shall be used. The sensors shallhave a time constant not exceeding 1 min. Placement of sensors is described under test conditions for each option.6.7.3 Air Velocity I
42、ndicatorFor Option #2, air velocity shall be measured with an accuracy of 60.1 m/s using a hot wireanemometer. Air velocity is measured at a point 15 mm (nominal) from the plate surface or from the top of the test specimensurface to the bottom of the anemometer sensing element. The air velocity shal
43、l be measured at three positions located along ahorizontal line perpendicular to the airflow, including a point at the center of the plate and at points at the centers of the guardsection on both sides of the plate. Spatial variations in air velocity shall not exceed 610 % of the mean value.NOTE 2Th
44、e air velocity is to be measured 15 mm above the plate surface for bare plate measurements. The air velocity is to be measured 15 mmabove the test specimen surface when testing fabric or systems.The 15 mm distance is to be the distance from the plate or test specimen to the anemometersensing element
45、 (wire)not to the bottom of the sensing element housing. If the batting system surface is uneven due to quilting, measure from thesamples highest (thickest) point.6.7.4 Air Temperature VariationsAir temperature variations during testing shall not exceed 60.1C6.7.5 Relative Humidity VariationsRelativ
46、e humidity variations during testing shall not exceed 64 %.6.7.6 Air Velocity VariationsAir velocity variations shall not exceed 65 % of the mean value for data averaged over 1 min.7. Sampling and Specimen Preparation7.1 SamplingTest three specimens from each laboratory sampling unit. Indicate wheth
47、er the specimens are new or have beenlaundered, dry cleaned, or used, or combination thereof.7.2 SpecimensBattings may be tested alone or a batting/fabric system can be created by placing a cover fabric under thebatting on the plate and on top of the batting during testing.Alternatively, batting/fab
48、ric systems can be sewn together the way theywould be used in a product. Specimens should be less than 50 mm in thickness.7.3 Specimen PreparationUse test specimens large enough to cover the surface of the hot plate test section and the guardsection completely. Do not compress or stretch batting sam
49、ples during handling because this will affect their thickness and densityand the resulting insulation values. Remove any undesirable wrinkles from fabrics prior to layering them with battings bysmoothing them, flatting them under weights, or steam ironing them (assuming heat will not damage the fabrics).8. Test Conditions8.1 Option 1: Still Air Condition with Box Hood Over Plate:8.1.1 Temperature of the Test Plate, Guard Section, and Bottom PlateMaintain the temperature of these sections at 3560.5Cand without fluctuating more than 60.1
