1、Designation:D1535081Designation: D1535 12Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEFootnote 3 was corrected editorially in August 2010.1.
3、Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system basedon the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfacesviewed in daylight by an observer ha
4、ving normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative tothe more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164).Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does no
5、t purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
6、2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining
7、Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, and chroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visually comparingthe specimen to the chips
8、 in the Munsell Book of Color;3(2) a notation in the Munsell color system, derived from luminousreflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordinates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C, by the use of scales definedby the Optical Society of America Subcommittee on the Spacing of the Mun
9、sell Colors (1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is written as a combination of letters and numbers by which the color of an opaqueobject may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H, Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form H V/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color percept
10、ion by means of which a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple,or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the hue o
11、f a specimen viewed indaylight.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating Munsell hue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and an all-numbersystem. The two systems are equivalent, but the letter-number system is preferred, because it requires no prior knowledge ormemory of the correspondenc
12、e of numbers to hues. The hue circle is graduated in steps judged visually to be approximately equal.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2
13、008. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D153507. DOI:10.1520/D1535-08E01.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1535 081. DOI:10.1520/D1535-12.
14、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from Munsell, 4300 44th Street SE, Grand Rapids,
15、 MI 49512, .4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
16、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
17、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more or less light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specim
18、en viewedin daylight, on a scale extending from 0 for ideal black to 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximately equal inmagnitude.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are designated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used
19、 to indicate the degree of departure of the color from a neutral color of the samelightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of a colorfrom a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that are visually approximately equa
20、l in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na spatial representation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinate systembased on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightness and chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see
21、Fig. 2 (2) forms the basis of the Munsell notation in which Munsell hue correspondsto hue, Munsell value corresponds to lightness, and Munsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, vertical axis dimensionrepresents neutral colors, ranging from black at the bottom, through a gradation of grays,
22、to white at the top. The lightness of acolor perceived as chromatic (not gray) is represented by the distance above the base plane. Hue is represented by the angularposition about this axis (see Discussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendicular distance from the central axis. If theobserver
23、 has normal color vision, is adapted to daylight, and views the specimen illuminated by CIE source C or D65, against amedium gray to white background, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates well with the observers perception of thelightness of the color. Under the same conditions, the Munsell
24、hue correlates well with the observers perception of hue and theMunsell chroma with the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discussion(2) Although the original system proposed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, the system isoften represented as a right-handed system because it facilitates comp
25、arison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, taken to beright-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of the Munsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacing representsa uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers,
26、 scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desiredcolor. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion,flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for co
27、ntrol of color-production processes, wheninstrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even wheninstrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color andthe just tolerab
28、le deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set.Acolor tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, andacceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the
29、specification, before bidding to supply the color or startingproduction. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may beimpossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbe
30、rs can betranslated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order systemis the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal ColorLanguage, which associates color names,
31、 in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Masks, with rectangular openings the size of the chips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Practice D1729.6. Preparation of Test
32、 Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of test specimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM standardscovering the appropriate materials or agree among interested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Condition
33、s:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer with normal color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illuminating equipment as described in Practice D1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D1729 is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notation
34、shaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, follow the lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D1729.D1535 1227.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with natural daylight, select a window through which the sun is not shini
35、ng. Anorth window is usually used in the northern hemisphere, and a south window is usually used in the southern hemisphere. Placea working surface at the window so the light reaches the surface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and at anglescentering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a
36、 canopy of black cloth above the working surface to prevent errors caused by theceiling or other objects being reflected from the surface of the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on the worksurface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray to white background, where it is uniform
37、ly illuminated by daylight. Viewthe specimen along a direction just far enough from the normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 45 illuminationand perpendicular viewing are recommended by the CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black matte surface is placedopposite the observe
38、r to minimize the amount of light reflected from the specimen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Book of Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue charts or chips between which the hue of the specimen
39、 lies. Place one oneach side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and charts with the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from each chart canbe seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find the chips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable. Remove themand place immediately adjacen
40、t to the specimen. Estimate, in the following order, the value, the chroma, and the hue, byinterpolation or extrapolation of the notations on the chips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange the positions of the charts,repeat the estimations, and average the results.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the c
41、hips between which the value of the specimen lies. Estimate the value of the specimen to the nearesttenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacent value levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successive colors of the same chroma and, by interpolation or
42、 extrapolation,determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief attention to the Munsell chips having values nearest that of the specimen and secondaryattention to those next nearest. Although all Munsell chips of the same Munsell chroma are intended to appear to have the sameperceptual chroma, a slightly di
43、fferent estimate of chroma may be obtained by comparison with the chips of the next value. In suchcases, average the estimated Munsell chromas. Note that there are usually two chroma steps between adjacent columns of a chart.Estimate chroma to the nearest fifth of the 2-chroma interval and record it
44、, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the specimen by interpolation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value and chroma inthe selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifth of the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it, for example,4.5 R. (The tenth step of one
45、 hue sector is the zero of the next. The 10 is used; the zero is not.) If the value and chroma of thespecimen do not correspond closely to those of any chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closest pair of chips andrecord the average or estimate the hue as being closer to that of one o
46、r the other of the selected pairs of chips.7.2.3.4 The Munsell notation for the hue H, the value V, and the chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the examplesgiven, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5 R 4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the
47、specimen must be based upon color measurements in which the specular component was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, and the chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsell colornotatio
48、n by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2 contains the numerical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs. 3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11, Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 see Newhall, et al. (1). For further informationconcerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I
49、. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the original reference (1) was measured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance values in Table2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminous reflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma for valuelevels above and below the value found and linearly interpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level. If the requiredvalue level differs from the nearest level by 0.05
