1、Designation: D1535 14 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying
3、the colorsof objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a systembased on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, andchroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such aspainted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer havingnormal color vision. This practice provides a simple
4、 visualmethod as an alternative to the more precise and more complexmethod based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (seePractices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversionof CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
5、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally r
6、ecognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice fo
7、r Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data f
8、or Object-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are appli-cable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, andchroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visuallycomparing the specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book
9、 ofColor;3(2) a notation in the Munsell color system, derivedfrom luminous reflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordi-nates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C,bythe use of scales defined by the Optical Society of AmericaSubcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors(1).43.2.1.
10、1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is written as acombination of letters and numbers by which the color of anopaque object may be specified with respect to Munsell hue H,Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form HV/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means ofwhich a col
11、or is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue,purple, or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, con-sidered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewedin dayli
12、ght.3.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating Munsellhue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and anall-number system. The two systems are equivalent, but theletter-number system is preferred, because it requires no priorknowledge or memory of the correspondence of numbers tohues. The hue
13、circle is graduated in steps judged visually to beapproximately equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception bywhich a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more orless light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the lightness of a
14、 specimen1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
15、 D1535 14. DOI:10.1520/D1535-14R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Munsell, 4
16、300 44th Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512,.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in acco
17、rdance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1viewed in daylight, on a scale
18、extending from 0 for ideal blackto 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximatelyequal in magnitude.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic or neutral colors are des-ignated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate thedegree of departu
19、re of the color from a neutral color of thesame lightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma, nan attribute of color used in theMunsell color system to indicate the degree of departure of acolor from a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that arevisually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Te
20、rms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na spatialrepresentation of colors in the form of a cylindrical coordinatesystem based on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightnessand chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2(2) forms thebasis of the Munsel
21、l notation in which Munsell hue corre-sponds to hue, Munsell value corresponds to lightness, andMunsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The central, verticalaxis dimension represents neutral colors, ranging from black atthe bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top.The lightness of a c
22、olor perceived as chromatic (not gray) isrepresented by the distance above the base plane. Hue isrepresented by the angular position about this axis (seeDiscussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendiculardistance from the central axis. If the observer has normal colorvision, is adapted to day
23、light, and views the specimen illumi-nated by CIE source C or D65, against a medium gray to whitebackground, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates wellwith the observers perception of the lightness of the color.Under the same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates wellwith the observers perce
24、ption of hue and the Munsell chromawith the perception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discussion(2) Although the original system pro-posed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, thesystem is often represented as a right-handed system because itfacilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, take
25、nto be right-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of theMunsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacingrepresents a uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists,engineers, and government regulat
26、ors, to specify an existing ordesired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record thecolors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as humancomplexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used tospecify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instru
27、mental color measurement isnot economical. The Munsell system is widely used for colortolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (seePractice D3134). It is common practice to have color chipsmade to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviationsfrom that color in hue, value, and c
28、hroma, such a set of chipsbeing called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance setFIG. 1 Designation Systems for Munsell HueD1535 14 (2018)2exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyoneinvolved in the selection, production, and acceptance of thecolor can directly perceive the intent
29、of the specification,before bidding to supply the color or starting production. Acolor tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumentaltolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossibleto visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from colormeasurement, but by this practice, the n
30、umbers can be trans-lated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplifiedby colored chips for visual examination. This color-ordersystem is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of DesignatingColors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as theUniversal Color Language, which associates color na
31、mes, inthe English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray Masks, with rectangular openings the size of thechips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Prac-tice D1729.6. Preparation of T
32、est Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of testspecimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM stan-dards covering the appropriate materials or agree amonginterested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Condit
33、ions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer withnormal color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illuminatingequipment as described in Practice D1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D1729is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notation
34、shaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, followthe lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with naturaldaylight, select a window through which the sun is not shining.A north
35、window is usually used in the northern hemisphere,and a south window is usually used in the southern hemisphere.Place a working surface at the window so the light reaches thesurface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and atangles centering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy ofbla
36、ck cloth above the working surface to prevent errors causedby the ceiling or other objects being reflected from the surfaceof the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on thework surface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray towhite background, where it is uniformly illuminated b
37、y day-light. View the specimen along a direction just far enough fromthe normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 45illumination and perpendicular viewing are recommended bythe CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black mattesurface is placed opposite the observer to minimize th
38、e amountof light reflected from the specimen surface.7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Bookof Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue chartsFIG. 2 Dimensions of the Surface-Color-Perception SolidD1535 14 (
39、2018)3or chips between which the hue of the specimen lies. Place oneon each side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and chartswith the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from eachchart can be seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find thechips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are r
40、emovable.Remove them and place immediately adjacent to the specimen.Estimate, in the following order, the value, the chroma, and thehue, by interpolation or extrapolation of the notations on thechips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange thepositions of the charts, repeat the estimations,
41、 and average theresults.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value ofthe specimen lies. Estimate the value of the specimen to thenearest tenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacentvalue levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successivecolors
42、 of the same chroma and, by interpolation orextrapolation, determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief atten-tion to the Munsell chips having values nearest that of thespecimen and secondary attention to those next nearest. Al-though all Munsell chips of the same Munsell chroma areintended to appear to
43、have the same perceptual chroma, aslightly different estimate of chroma may be obtained bycomparison with the chips of the next value. In such cases,average the estimated Munsell chromas. Note that there areusually two chroma steps between adjacent columns of a chart.Estimate chroma to the nearest f
44、ifth of the 2-chroma intervaland record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the specimen by interpo-lation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value andchroma in the selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifthof the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it,
45、for example, 4.5R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zeroof the next. The 10 is used; the zero is not.) If the value andchroma of the specimen do not correspond closely to those ofany chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closestpair of chips and record the average or estimate t
46、he hue asbeing closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs ofchips.7.2.3.4 The Munsell notation for the hue H, the value V, andthe chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the examplesgiven, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5R 4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE Measur
47、ementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon colormeasurements in which the specular component was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, andthe chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the
48、 specimen to Munsellcolor notation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2contains the numerical data from Ref (1) upon which Figs.3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11,Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 and see Newhall, et al. (1). For furtherinformation co
49、ncerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the original reference (1) wasmeasured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance valuesin Table 2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflectingdiffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminousreflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma forvalue levels above and below the value found and linearlyinterpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level (ifthose hues and chromas are well defin
