1、Designation: D1545 07 (Reapproved 2012) D1545 13Standard Test Method forViscosity of Transparent Liquids by Bubble Time Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover
3、s the determination of the viscosity in bubble seconds by timing. The bubble seconds areapproximately equal to stokes for most liquids.1.2 The test method is applicable to transparent liquids that are free from crystalline or gel particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as stan
4、dard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the app
5、licability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 viscosity, nthe resistance experienced by one portion of a liquid moving over another portion of the liquid. The absoluteunit of viscosity in the cgs, centimeter-gram-second, system is the poise which is expressed a
6、s dyne-seconds per square centimetre.Stokes are equal to poises divided by density. The absolute SI, International System of Units (metric system), viscosity unit is thepascal-second.3. Apparatus3.1 Constant-Temperature BathAny suitable bath capable of maintaining temperature at 25 6 0.1C with water
7、 as the bathmedium.3.2 Standard Viscosity Tubes of clear glass and with flat bottoms, 10.65 6 0.025 mm in inside diameter; 114 6 1 mm in outsidelength. Plainly legible lines shall be located as follows (Note 1):1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related C
8、oatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints heavy series, 14 tubesmarked 10 to 200; and very heavy series, 7 tubes, marked 250 to 1000.3.4 Timing DeviceStopwatch or electric stop clock capable of being read to a
9、precision of 0.1 s.3.5 Tube Racks, capable of inverting one or more viscosity tubes 180 to within 1 of a vertical position while rack and tubesare immersed in the constant temperature bath.3.6 Viscosity Tube Corks, No. 2 short.4. Procedure4.1 Fill a standard viscosity tube with the material to be te
10、sted to approximately level with the 108-mm line.4.2 Transfer the tube to a constant 25C temperature bath with the cork loosely inserted. Hold at this temperature for 10 min.NOTE 2Adequate control of the temperature bath is essential. A variation of 0.1C in the temperature of the bath will cause a 1
11、 % variation in thetimed bubble travel.4.3 At the end of 10 min adjust the level of the liquid so that the bottom meniscus will be level with the 100-mm line. Insertthe cork so that the bottom of the cork is on the level with the 108-mm line. This will ensure a bubble of suitable and uniformsize.4.4
12、 Insert the tube in the rack and immerse in the 25C water bath. Allow the tube(s) to stand with cork down in the bath aminimum of 20 min before determining the viscosity.NOTE 3For viscosities of liquids that have a timed bubble travel of 4 s or less, more precise results can be obtained by compariso
13、n against referencestandards having a predetermined viscosity or timed bubble travel.4.5 To read, invert the tube quickly and determine the time required for the bubble to rise in seconds. When determining thetime in seconds start the timing device when the top of the bubble becomes tangent to the 2
14、7-mm line on the tube. Stop the timingwhen the top of the bubble becomes tangent with the 100-mm line. This gives a 73-mm timed bubble travel. All timings shall bemade with the tube in an exact vertical position.NOTE 4Positioning of the tube in a vertical position is mandatory. A tube one radius off
15、 the vertical will give an error of approximately 10 % in thetime of bubble travel.5. Report5.1 Report the following information:5.1.1 The viscosity obtained by the timing method expressed as “bubble seconds” or “approximate stokes.”NOTE 5The time in seconds or “bubble seconds” is an approximate mea
16、surement of stokes when the bubble time method is applied to most rawmaterials and finished products encountered by the paint, varnish, and lacquer industries. This relationship does not hold for silicones or water dispersionsof gums or similar materials. Viscosity results by this test method are in
17、fluenced by non-Newtonian behavior and by surface tension. Other variationson bubble-tube viscometers are described in ASTM STP 500, Section 3.2.9.26. Precision and Bias6.1 PrecisionOn the basis of an interlaboratory study3 of this test method in which ten laboratories tested liquids ranging invisco
18、sity from 4.5 to 440 St, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidencelevel:6.1.1 Two results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 4.9 % relative.2 Paint Testing Manual, ASTM STP 500, ASTM, 1972
19、.3 See Holt, K. E., Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 57, 1957, pp. 297300, and Offcial Digest, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology, Vol 30, May 1958, pp. 540543.D1545 132TABLE 1 Recommended Numerical Standards for Comparator Viscosity TubesAcolname=“col1“ colwidth=“0.44in“colname=“col2“ colsep=“0“ co
20、lwidth=“0.17in“Bubble SecondsB TubeC Number StokesGardner-HoldtLetterBubbleSecondsBand TubeCNumberStokesGardner-HoldtLetter 0.10 10 10W 0.13 13 13 XA3 0.16 16 16Y 0.20 20 200.75 0.22 A2Z 0.25 25 25Z1 0.32 A1 32 320.81 0.34Z2 0.40 40 40Z30.90 0.50 0.50 A 50 50 0.63 63 63B Z41.00 0.68 0.80 80 80C1.15
21、0.92Z5 1.00 D 100 1001.30 1.15 1.25 E 125 125F1.55 1.45 Z6 1.60 160 160G1.85 1.80 2.00 H 200 2002.20 2.15I 2.50 J 250 2502.65D 2.65DKL3.20 3.20 3.20 M 320 320NOZ74.00 4.00 4.00 P 400 400QR5.00 5.00 5.00 S 500 500TZ86.30 6.30 6.30 U 630 6308.00 8.00 8.00 800 800Z9V10.0 10.0 10.0 1000 1000Z10TABLE 1 R
22、ecommended numerical Standards for Comparator Viscosity TubesAGardner-Hodlt Letter Minimum(Sec) Target(Sec) Maximum(Sec) Kinematic Viscosity(cST)A5 0.641 0.650 0.654 5.1A4 0.659 0.663 0.682 7.1A3 0.701 0.720 0.736 14.0A2 0.751 0.767 0.785 21.3A1 0.802 0.820 0.845 31.0A 0.908 0.936 0.961 53.6B 0.987
23、1.012 1.042 68.8C 1.175 1.211 1.247 92.7D 1.272 1.303 1.342 102.9E 1.453 1.498 1.543 122.7F 1.620 1.670 1.720 151.9G 1.795 1.850 1.906 160.0D1545 1336.1.2 Two results, each the mean of duplicates, obtained by operators in different laboratories should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than
24、 9.0 % relative.6.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias of this test method because no materials having an accepted referencevalue is available.7. Keywords7.1 Gardner-Holdt; GH viscosity; viscosityGardner-Hodlt Letter Minimum(Sec) Target(Sec) Maximum(Sec) Kinematic Viscosity(cST)H 2.086
25、2.150 2.207 210.8I 2.263 2.320 2.390 224.2J 2.668 2.750 2.833 268.2K 2.927 3.015 3.072 287.9L 3.128 3.185 3.272 302.3M 3.358 3.445 3.527 335.4N 3.608 3.690 3.785 345.2O 3.880 3.975 4.062 377.9P 4.148 4.235 4.337 408.8Q 4.438 4.540 4.642 441.8R 4.743 4.845 4.990 467.4S 5.142 5.290 5.449 517.7T 5.820
26、6.000 6.180 547.2U 6.581 6.785 6.989 665.9V 8.701 8.970 9.239 889.2W 10.85 11.19 11.52 1073.0X 14.36 14.80 15.24 1200.0Y 17.85 18.40 18.96 1737.0Z 22.96 23.67 24.38 2289.0Z1 29.77 30.69 31.61 2909.0Z2 38.95 40.15 41.36 4056.0Z3 46.56 48.00 49.44 4840.0Z4 70.06 72.23 74.39 7241.0Z5 102.01 105.16 108.
27、32 9917.0Z6 153.09 157.82 162.56 15080.0Z7 409.02 421.67 434.32 40650.0Z8 741.25 764.17 787.10 73280.0Z9 925.96 954.60 983.24 91500.0Z10 1202.97 1240.17 1277.38 119000.0A Arrangedtoshowrelationshipbetweenstokes,bubbleseconds,andGardner-Holdtletters.Stokesareshowninlogarithmicprogression.1Stoke=100ce
28、ntistokes(cST).B The bubble time, in seconds, of the numerical tubes under 4 s was determined by a technique employing a movie camera.D1545 134ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
29、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
30、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commit
31、tee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
32、8-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the sta
33、ndard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C For reference purposes only. Numbered tubes are no longer commercially available.NoteBubble times based on 25C temperature. A digital camera with image software is used to determine the bubble times.D Above 2.65 the bubble seconds as measured by the kinematic method are approximately equivalent for most products. Below 2.65 this relationship does not hold. Editorially corrected.D1545 135
