1、Designation: D1556/D1556M 15Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-ConeMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1556/D1556M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method may be
3、used to determine the in-placedensity and unit weight of soils using a sand cone apparatus.1.2 This test method is applicable for soils without appre-ciable amounts of rock or coarse materials in excess of 112 in.38 mm in diameter.1.3 This test method may also be used for the determinationof the in-
4、place density and unit weight of intact or in situ soils,provided the natural void or pore openings in the soil are smallenough to prevent the sand used in the test from entering thevoids. The soil or other material being tested should havesufficient cohesion or particle attraction to maintain stabl
5、e sideson a small hole or excavation, and be firm enough to withstandthe minor pressures exerted in digging the hole and placing theapparatus over it, without deforming or sloughing.1.4 This test method is not suitable for organic, saturated, orhighly plastic soils that would deform or compress duri
6、ng theexcavation of the test hole. This test method may not besuitable for soils consisting of unbound granular materials thatwill not maintain stable sides in the test hole, soils containingappreciable amounts of coarse material larger than 112 in. 38mm, and granular soils having high void ratios.1
7、.5 When materials to be tested contain appreciableamounts of particles larger than 112 in. 38 mm, or when testhole volumes larger than 0.1 ft32830 cm3 are required, TestMethod D4914 or D5030/D5030M is applicable.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in either inch-pound units orSI units presented in brackets a
8、re to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard.1.6.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound unit
9、s is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).1.6.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use units representing both mass and force unlessdynamic calculations (F = Ma) are involved. This implicitlycombine
10、s two separate systems within a single standard. Thesetest methods have been written using inch-pound units (gravi-tational system); however, conversions are given in the SIsystem. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass(lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not beregarde
11、d as nonconformance with this standard.1.6.3 The sieve designations are identified using the “stan-dard” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 25mm and 75 m, followed by the “alternative” system of 1 in.and No. 200, respectively.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to
12、theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.7.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.7.2 The pr
13、ocedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining
14、 the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits or reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analytica
15、lmethods for engineering design.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
16、ons prior to use.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous ed
17、ition approved in 2007 as D1556 07. DOI:10.1520/D1556_D1556M-15.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136 Test Meth
18、od for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil
19、 Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Constr
20、uctionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD4
21、718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soiland Roc
22、k in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in aTest PitD4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Mois-ture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas PressureTesterD4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD5030/D5030M Test Methods for Density
23、of Soil and Rockin Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsin this standard, refer to Termin
24、ology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compacted lift, na layer of compacted soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test hole is hand excavated in the soil to be tested andall the material from the hole is saved in a container. The holeis filled with free flowing sand of a
25、known density, and thevolume is determined. The in-place wet density of the soil isdetermined by dividing the wet mass of the removed materialby the volume of the hole. The water content of the materialfrom the hole is determined and the dry mass and the drydensity of the in-place material are calcu
26、lated using the wetmass of the soil, the water content, and the volume of the hole.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the density andwater content of compacted soils placed during the construc-tion of earth embankments, road fill, and structural backfill. Itoften is use
27、d as a basis of acceptance for soils compacted to aspecified density or percentage of a maximum density deter-mined by a test method, such as Test Methods D698 or D1557.5.1.1 Test Methods D698 and D1557 require that massmeasurements of laboratory compacted test specimens bedetermined to the nearest
28、1 g, so that computed water contentsand densities can be reported to three and four significantdigits, respectively. This standard is a field procedure requiringmass measurements to the nearest 0.01 lbm 5 g. As such,water content calculations should only be reported to nearest1 % and density to thre
29、e significant digits.5.2 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soil mixtures, orother similar material.5.3 The use of this test method is generally limited to soil inan unsaturated condition. This test method is not recommendedfor soils t
30、hat are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in moistureconditions such that water seeps into the hand excavated hole.The precision of the test may be affected for soils that deformeasily or that may undergo a volume change in the excavatedhole from vibration, or from standing or walking near the hol
31、eduring the test (see Note 1).NOTE 1When testing in soft conditions or in soils near saturation,volume changes may occur in the excavated hole as a result of surfaceloading, personnel performing the test, and the like. This can sometimesbe avoided by the use of a platform that is supported some dist
32、ance fromthe hole. As it is not always possible to detect when a volume change hastaken place, test results should always be compared to the theoreticalsaturation density, or the zero air voids line on the dry density versus watercontent plot. Any in-place density test on compacted soils that calcul
33、atesto be more than 95 % saturation is suspect and an error has probablyoccurred, or the volume of the hole has changed during testing.NOTE 2The quality of the test result producted by this test method isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment
34、and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this testmethod are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself ensure reliable results. Reliable r
35、esults depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Sand-Cone Density Apparatus, consisting of sandcontainer, sand cone, and base plate.6.1.1 Sand Container, an attachable jar or other sand con-tainer having a volume capacity in excess of
36、 that required to fillthe test hole and sand cone during the test.6.1.2 Sand Cone, a detachable appliance consisting of acylindrical valve with an orifice approximately12 in. 13 mm2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
37、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D1556/D1556M 152in diameter, attached to a metal funnel and sand container onone end, and a large metal funnel (sand-cone) on the other end.The valve will have stops to prevent rota
38、ting past the com-pletely open or completely closed positions. The appliance willbe constructed of metal sufficiently rigid to prevent distortionor volume changes in the cone. The walls of the cone will forman angle of approximately 60 with the base to allow uniformfilling with sand.6.1.3 Base Plate
39、, a metal base plate or template with aflanged center hole cast or machined to receive the large funnel(cone) of the appliance described in 6.1.2. The base plate maybe round or square and will be a minimum of 3 in. 75 mmlarger than the funnel (sand-cone). The plate will be flat on thebottom and have
40、 sufficient thickness or stiffness to be rigid.Plates with raised edges, ridges, ribs, or other stiffeners ofapproximately38 to12 in. 10 to 13 mm high may be used.6.1.4 The mass of the sand required to fill the sand cone andbase plate will be determined in accordance with the instruc-tions in Annex
41、A1 prior to use.6.1.5 The details for the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 repre-sents the minimum acceptable dimensions suitable for testingsoils having maximum particle sizes of approximately 112 in.38 mm and test hole volumes of approximately 0.1 ft32830cm3. When the material being tested contains a sma
42、ll amountof oversize and isolated larger particles are encountered, thetest should be stopped and moved to a new location. Largerapparatus and test hole volumes are needed when particleslarger than 112 in. 38 mm are prevalent. The apparatusdescribed here represents a design that has proven satisfact
43、ory.Larger apparatus, or other designs of similar proportions maybe used as long as the basic principles of the sand volumedetermination are observed. When test hole volumes largerthan 0.1 ft35660 cm3 are required. Test Method D4914should be utilized.6.2 SandSand must be clean, dry, uniform in densi
44、ty andgrading, uncemented, durable, and free-flowing. Any gradationmay be used that has a coefficient of uniformity (Cu = D60/D10)less than 2.0, a maximum particle size smaller than the 2.0 mmNo. 10 sieve size, and less than 3 % by weight passing the250 m No. 60 sieve size, determined in accordance
45、with TestMethod C136. Uniformly graded sand is needed to preventsegregation during handling, storage, and use. Sand free offines and fine sand particles is required to prevent significantbulk-density changes with normal daily changes in atmo-spheric humidity. Sand comprised of durable, naturalsubrou
46、nded, or rounded particles is desirable. Crushed sand orsand having angular particles may not be free-flowing, acondition that can cause bridging resulting in inaccuratedensity determinations (see Note 3). In selecting a sand from apotential source, a gradation and bulk-density determinationsin acco
47、rdance with the procedure in Annex A2 should be madeon each container or bag of sand. To be an acceptable sand, thebulk-density variation between any one determination shall notbe greater than 1 % of the average. Before using sand indensity determinations, it shall be dried, then allowed to reachan
48、air-dried state in the general location where it is to be used(see Note 4). Sand shall not be re-used without removing anycontaminating soil, checking the gradation, drying and rede-termining the bulk-density (see Note 5). Bulk-density tests ofthe sand will be made at time intervals not exceeding 14
49、 days,always after any significant changes in atmospheric humidity,before reusing, and before use of a new batch from apreviously approved supplier (see Note 6).NOTE 3Some manufactured (crushed) sands such as blasting sandhave been successfully used with good reproducibility. The reproducibilityof test results using angular sand should be checked under laboratorycontrolled testing situations before selecting an angular sand for use.NOTE 4Many organizations have found it beneficial to store sands inmoisture resistant containers. San
