1、Designation: D 1558 99 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Test Method forMoisture Content Penetration Resistance Relationships ofFine-Grained Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEParagraph 3.1.1 was corrected editorially in July 2004.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers e
3、stablishing the moisture-penetration resistance relationships of fine-grained soils asdetermined by the soil penetrometer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
4、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods
5、 for Construction MaterialsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Roc
6、k by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials Tes
7、tingE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration resistance curve (proctor penetrationcurve)the curve sho
8、wing the relationship between the pen-etration resistance and the water content.3.1.2 All other terms and definitions are in accordance withTerminology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is used with Methods A and B of TestMethods D 698 to develop relationships between moisturecontent
9、, density, and penetration resistance. These relationshipsare used with a previously prepared family of moisture-penetration curves as a rapid field test to determine theapproximate amount of moisture in the soil.NOTE 1When a penetration-resistance measurement of material inplace is compared at a gi
10、ven moisture content with penetration-densitycurves prepared at a specified compactive effort, an approximate check ofcompaction (density) may be obtained.4.2 Penetration resistance determinations are not reliable forvery dry molded soil specimens or very granular soils.NOTE 2Notwithstanding the sta
11、tements on precision and bias con-tained in this standard, the precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and the facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria ofPractice D 3740 are generally considered capable of
12、 competent andobjective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliabletesting depends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Moisture-Density Appar
13、atus, conforming to the require-ments prescribed in Test Methods D 698.5.2 Soil PenetrometerA soil penetrometer (Fig. 1) con-sisting of a special spring dynamometer with pressure-indicating scale on the stem of the handle. The pressure scaleshall be graduated to 90 lbf in 2-lbf divisions with a line
14、1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1958. Last previous edition approved in
15、 1999 as D 1558 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section
16、appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.encircling the stem at each 10-lbf interval, or graduated to 181N in 9.8 N divisions with a line encircling the stem at each 5-kginterval. A sliding r
17、ing on the stem shall indicate the maximumpressure obtained in the test.5.3 Set of Penetrometer NeedlesEach penetrometerneedle (Fig. 1) shall consist of a shank with a head of knownend area. The set of interchangeable needles shall include thesizes given in Table 1. The needle shank shall have gradu
18、ationsinscribed at intervals of12 in. (10 mm) to indicate the depth ofpenetration, and shall have a length of not less than 4 in. (100mm), excluding the threaded portion. Needles should not beused when they have been worn so as to reduce the flat-endarea by 5 %.5.4 Balance or ScaleA direct reading p
19、latform balance (orscale) having a minimum capacity of least 90 lb (181 N) andmeeting the requirements of Specification D 4753 with areadability of 60.10 lb (49 mN).6. Sample6.1 Prepare the sample in accordance with either Method Aor B of Test Methods D 698. After preparation, the fractionpassing th
20、e No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve shall have at least 20 %passing the No. 200 (75-m) sieve.7. Calibration7.1 The penetrometer may be calibrated by measuring theload applied by means of a platform scale. Apply loadingmanually using the needle directly on the scale so that thespring compresses at a rate of appr
21、oximately12 in. (10 mm) persecond to13 of the full range of the penetrometer scale. Readthe loading on the platform scale. Repeat the test at23 and thefull range of the penetrometer scale. The difference, if any,between the penetrometer and the scale or balance should notexceed 2 lbf (8.89 N). For e
22、ase in calibration, it is recom-mended that the 1-in.2(64.5-mm2) needle be used.7.2 The penetrometer should be cleaned, lubricated, andcalibrated on a regular basis. The penetrometer should bestored in a clean location or case, with no compression on thespring.8. Procedure8.1 Compact the soil in the
23、 moisture-density mold in accor-dance with the procedure described in Method A or B of TestMethods D 698.8.2 Determine the resistance of the soil to penetration by useof the soil penetrometer with attached needle of known endarea. The needle used shall be of such size that the readingsobtained will
24、be between 20 and 80 on the decimal scale or 10and 40 on the metric scale. Place the mold containing the soilspecimen on a smooth space between the feet of the operator.The operator shall hold the penetrometer in a vertical positionand shall control the rate of penetration by steadying the armsagain
25、st the front of the legs at the same time applying pressureto the penetrometer handle (Note 2). Penetrate the soil speci-men at the rate of 0.5 in. (13 mm)/s for a distance of not lessthan 3 in. (76 mm). Place the penetration needle away from theedge of the mold (approximately four times the needle
26、diam-eter), near the center, and space the individual penetrations soas not to interfere with one another. Penetrate the soil specimennot less than three times and use the average of the readings.NOTE 3With some large penetrometers, it is difficult to use the devicein the manner discussed in 8.2. Th
27、erefore, the operator should hold thepenetrometer in a comfortable vertical position that yields a steady rate ofpressure application.8.3 Determine the penetration resistance on each moldedsoil specimen as described in 8.2.9. Calculation9.1 Multiply the average penetrometer reading, as deter-mined i
28、n 8.2, by the reciprocal of the end area of theFIG. 1 Soil PenetrometerTABLE 1 Sizes For Interchangeable NeedlesSize (area),in.2134121315110120130140(cm2) (6.45) (4.84) (3.23) (2.15) (1.29) (0.65) (0.32) (0.22) (0.16)End diameter,in. 1.124 0.976 0.796 0.651 0.505 0.357 0.252 0.206 0.178(mm) (28.55)
29、(24.79) (20.22) (16.54) (12.83) (9.07) (6.40) (5.23) (4.52)D 1558 99 (2004)e12penetration needle and record the resulting value as thepenetration resistance of the soil expressed in pounds-force persquare inch or kilopascals. Calculate the moisture content ofthe soil in accordance with Test Method D
30、 2216.10. Moisture-Penetration Resistance Relationship10.1 Plot the penetration-resistance values and the corre-sponding moisture contents (as calculated in accordance withSection 9) on the same graph sheet with the correspondingmoisture-density relations data (as provided in Test MethodsD 698). Plo
31、t the moisture-penetration resistance data immedi-ately above the moisture-density data, using the same moisturecontent scale for both sets of data. The moisture-penetrationresistance relationship curve shall be established by not lessthan three determinations.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The precisio
32、n of this test method has been determinedbased on a limited amount of data. This data was derived froma round robin study of four laboratories using an ML soil withan average penetration resistance of 1440 psi. Single operatorstandard deviations of 78, with an acceptable range of 219 fortwo results,
33、 and multilaboratory standard deviations of 566,with an acceptable range of 1586 were determined in accor-dance with Practice C 670 and calculated in accordance withPractice E 691.11.2 Subcommittee D18.08 is seeking pertinent data fromusers of this test method on precision.12. Keywords12.1 backfills
34、; base courses; compaction; compaction con-trol; compaction curves; control; density; embankments; fieldcontrol; field laboratories; field tests; fine grained soils; inspec-tion; laboratory test; maximum dry density; moisture; moisturecontent; moisture control; penetration resistance; soil testsSUMM
35、ARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (1994) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Added Specification D 4753 to Section 2.(2) Added new Section 3 on Terminology. Added this defini-tion for
36、 usability from Terminology D 653.(3) Renumbered sections to reflect new Section 3.(4) Revised 5.2 to reflect pound-force versus pound.(5) Revised 5.4 to reflect requirements of SpecificationD 4753.(6) Revised 7.1 to reflect pound-force and to express metricequivalent as newtons.(7) Added 7.2 concer
37、ning cleaning, storage, and calibrationfrequency.(8) Added Summary of Changes.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valid
38、ity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comme
39、nts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have n
40、ot received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 1558 99 (2004)e13
