1、Designation: D1560 09aStandard Test Methods forResistance to Deformation and Cohesion of BituminousMixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1560; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) theresistance to deformation of compacted bi
3、tuminous mixturesby measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying avertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) thecohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring theforce required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beamby means of the Hveem cohesiometer.21.2 The
4、 values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
5、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1561 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture TestSpecime
6、ns by Means of California Kneading CompactorD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials2.2 California Department of Transportation Standards:Test 306 Method of Test for Cohesiometer Value2Test 366 Method of Test for Stabilometer Value23
7、. Significance and Use3.1 The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can beused for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, orboth. For example, these values can be used for specificationcompliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also beused for specification compliance t
8、esting of the mix. Thecohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sandmixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major orprimary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes usedfor the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION4. Apparatus4.1
9、Stabilometer The Hveem stabilometer (Fig. 1 and Fig.2) is a triaxial testing device consisting essentially of a rubbersleeve within a metal cylinder containing a liquid whichregisters the horizontal pressure developed by a compacted testspecimen as a vertical load is applied.4.2 Testing Machine A co
10、mpression testing machine hav-ing a minimum capacity of 10 000 lbf (44.5 kN). Fig. 3 showsthe stabilometer in a testing machine. The 50 000 lbf (22-kN)capacity compression testing machine specified in PracticeD1561, is normally used to perform the stabilometer test.4.3 Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceA
11、 device, to push thespecimen out of the mold.4.4 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperatureof 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).4.5 Calibration CylinderA hollow metal cylinder 4.0006 0.005 in. (101.6 6 0.13 mm) in outside diameter by 5.50 60.25 in. (140 6 6.4 mm) high (for calibration purposes).4.6 Rubber Bu
12、lbFor introducing air into the stabilometer.4.7 FollowerOne solid wall metal follower 3.985 in.(101.2 mm) in diameter by 512 in. (140 mm) high (see Fig. 4and Fig. 5).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 onRoad and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of
13、SubcommitteeD04.20 on Mechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1560 09. DOI:10.1520/D1560-09A.2A more detailed description of the procedures for performing the tests i
14、savailable on request from the California Dept. of Transportation, 5900 FolsomBlvd., Sacramento, CA 95819. Also available is a procedure containing detailsregarding the operation and calibration of the stabilometer and the replacement ofthe stabilometer diaphragm.3For referenced ASTM standards, visi
15、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59, United States.5. Test Specimens5.1 Test specimens shall be mixed and compacted in accor-dance with those procedures normally used. The proceduredescribed in Practice D1561 is a suitable procedure.5.2 Test specimens shall be 4 in. (102 mm) in diameter. Theheight of the test specimens should be 2.
17、5 6 0.5 in. (64 6 3mm). If this height cannot be obtained, the stabilometer valueshall be corrected as indicated by Fig. 6.6. Adjustment of Stabilometer6.1 Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance fromthe bottom of the upper tapered ring (see Fig. 1) to the top ofthe base is 3.5 in. (89 mm)
18、.6.2 Place the calibration cylinder (preheated to 140F(60C) in place in the stabilometer. Seat it firmly on the stage,hold it in place with either the hand or a vertical load of 100 lbf(0.45 kN) in the testing machine, and apply a horizontalpressure of exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa). When applying the 5 p
19、si(34.5 kPa) pressure, always start below or drop below thisvalue, then bring the pressure up to 5 psi (34.5 kPa) and gentlytap the dial to remove any slack in the system. Adjust the turnsindicator dial to zero. Turn the pump handle at an approximaterate of two turns per second until the stabilomete
20、r dial reads100 psi (689 kPa). The turns indicator dial shall read 2.00 60.05 turns. If it does not, the air in the cell must be adjusted.Remove or add air by means of the valve and the rubber bulb,then repeat the displacement measurement. Continue to adjustthe amount of air in the system until the
21、proper number of turnsis obtained. Release the horizontal pressure and remove thecalibration cylinder.6.3 With the stabilometer and stage base in position on theplaten, adjust the testing machine so that the load will beapplied at the rate of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min.7. Procedure7.1 Heat the specimen
22、to be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4 h.NOTE 1Bring the specimen to room temperature in the case in whichit is desired to test with whatever moisture may be present in the mixture.7.2 Transfer the compacted specimen from the mold to thestabilometer by means of a suitable push-out d
23、evice. Make surethat the specimen goes into the stabilometer straight, with thetamped end up, and that it is firmly seated level on the base.Place the follower on top of the specimen and apply ahorizontal pressure until exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa) is recorded onthe stabilometer gauge. If the testing ma
24、chine has a sphericallyseated type of upper head, the locking shims used during thefabrication of the test specimen must be removed beforeperforming the stabilometer test. Start the vertical movementof the press (speed of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min) and record thestabilometer gauge readings when the ver
25、tical load is 3000,5000, and 6000 lbf (13.4, 22.3, and 26.7 kN). Stop the verticalmovement of the press when the total load reaches 6000 lbf(26.7 kN). Immediately reduce the vertical load to 1000 6 100lbf (4.45 6 0.45 kN), and then adjust the horizontal pressure to5 psi (34.5 kPa). This will result
26、in a further reduction of thevertical load to less than 1000 lbf (4.45 kN). This is normal andno compensation need be made. Measure the number of turnsof the pump handle required to raise the horizontal pressurefrom 5 to 100 psi (34.5 to 689 kPa) with the specimen in place.Turn the pump handle at ap
27、proximately two turns per secondwhen applying this pressure. The number of turns measured isthe displacement reading, D. In measuring the displacement,the vertical load will increase and at times exceed 1000 lbf(4.45 kN). As before, these changes in load are characteristicand no adjustment or compen
28、sation is required.8. Calculation8.1 Determine the stabilometer value of the specimen asfollows:S 522.2Ph D!/Pv2 Ph!# 1 0.222(1)where:S = stabilometer value,Ph= horizontal pressure for corresponding Pvin psi (orkPa),D = displacement of specimen, andPv= vertical pressure (typically the 400 psi (2800
29、kPa)being applied when the vertical load is 5000 lbf (22.3kN).9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Stabilometer value,9.1.2 Test temperature, and9.1.3 Bitumen content.TABLE 1AAir cell.BDisplacement pump.C200-psi pressure gauge.DAmes dial.EBase adjustment nut.FBottom of upper tapered r
30、ing.FIG. 1 Hveem StabilometerD1560 09a2COHESION10. Apparatus10.1 CohesiometerA Hveem cohesiometer, as shown inFig. 7 and Fig. 8. The steel shot loading system may bereplaced by any load delivery system that applies the load atthe rate of 1800 6 20 g/min.10.2 Steel Shot2000 g of steel shot, size No.
31、10, allpassing a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and retained on a No. 14(1.40-mm) sieve.10.3 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperatureof 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).10.4 BalanceA balance having a capacity of 10 kg andsensitive to1gorless.11. Test Specimens11.1 Preparation of SpecimenThe test specimen willnorm
32、ally be the compacted specimen used after completion ofthe stabilometer test. If the sample is taken from a compressedpavement slab by means other than coring, it should be cut tosize with a suitable saw.11.2 Size of SpecimensThe cohesiometer is designed totest specimens up to 5 in. (127 mm) in widt
33、h and from 1 to 3in. (25 to 76 mm) in height.12. Procedure12.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4 h.12.2 Preheat the cohesiometer to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).Clamp the test specimen firmly in the cohesiometer with thetamped surface up, being certain that it is well c
34、entered withthe top plates parallel with the surface of the specimen. TightenNOTE 1The specimen is given lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which transmits horizontal pressure to the liquid. The magnitude of the pressurecan be read on the gauge.FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Hveem Stabilom
35、eterFIG. 3 Hveem Stabilometer Placed in the Testing MachineFIG. 4 Specimen FollowerD1560 09a3the clamp nuts until snug using the fingers only. Delay startingthe test until the temperature within the cohesiometer cabinetreturns to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C). Allow the shot to flow intothe receiver at the end
36、 of the lever arm at a rate of flow of 18006 20 g/min. Stop the flow of shot when the specimen breaks orwhen the lever arm deflects12 in. (13 mm) from the horizontal,if that occurs before the specimen breaks. Weigh and record theweight of shot in grams.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the cohesiometer
37、value as follows:Inch-Pound Units:C 5LW 0.20 H 1 0.044H2!(2)SI Units:FIG. 5 Detailed Drawing of the Specimen FollowerD1560 09a4C 5LW 0.031H 1 0.0027H2!(3)where:C = cohesiometer value (g/1 in. (25 mm) of width cor-rected to 3-in. (76-mm) height);L = weight of shot, g;W = diameter or width of specimen
38、, in. (or cm); andH = height of specimen, in. (or cm).14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Cohesiometer value,14.1.2 Test temperature, and14.1.3 Bitumen content.FIG. 6 Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 2.5 in. 64 mmD1560 09a515. Precision and Bias15.1 P
39、recisionPrecision estimates based on five pairs ofAMRL bituminous concrete design proficiency samples havebeen developed. The samples included38- and34-in. (9.5- and19-mm) maximum size aggregate gradations.Test Type IndexCoefficientofVariation,1s %Acceptable Rangeof Two TestResults, d2s %Resistance
40、to single operator 9 25Deformation multilaboratory 21 59Test Type IndexCoefficientofVariation,1s %Acceptable Rangeof Two TestResults, d2s %Cohesion single operator 20 57multilaboratory 38 108FIG. 7 Hveem CohesiometerFIG. 8 Detailed Drawing of the Hveem CohesiometerD1560 09a615.2 The precision of the
41、se test methods depends on theability of the personnel performing them and the competencyof the equipment used. A method to check this can be found inSpecification D3666.15.3 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these testmethods for
42、 measuring the resistance to deformation and thecohesion of bituminous mixtures, no statement on bias is beingmade.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly ad
43、vised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eithe
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45、If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Indiv
46、idual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D1560 09a7
