1、Designation: D1566 14Standard Terminology Relating toRubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、 year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the rubber industry. Terms that are generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available s
3、ourcesare not included.1.2 Definitions for terms that have been established by otherbodies recognized as expert in the field will, after ballotapproval, be inserted in this terminology without change, andthe source of the definition will be identified. Exceptions to thisrule will be where the meanin
4、g of the term as used in the rubberindustry is different from the common meaning of the term.1.3 Users of this terminology who require mathematicalexpressions for the time and temperature dependent physicalproperties of some terms found in this standard should refer toGuide D5992 and other standards
5、 listed under referenceddocuments. Selected terms from Guide D5992 may be found inAnnex A1.1.4 Although this terminology standard avoids the inclusionof jargon and archaic terms as much as possible, some termshave been retained for historical reasons.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D412 T
6、est Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD925 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyStaining of Sur-faces (Contact, Migration, and Diffusion)D1076 Specification for RubberConcentrated, AmmoniaPreserved, Creamed, and Centrifuged Natural LatexD1148 Test Method for Rubber Deterio
7、rationDiscoloration from Ultraviolet (UV) or UV/Visible Radia-tion and Heat Exposure of Light-Colored SurfacesD1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD1646 Test Methods for RubberViscosity, StressRelaxation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics(Mooney Viscometer)D1765 Classificati
8、on System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD3053 Terminology Relating to Carbon BlackD5992 Guide for Dynamic Testing of Vulcanized Rubberand Rubber-Like Materials Using Vibratory MethodsD6085 Practice for Sampling in Rubber TestingTerminology and Basic ConceptsE6 Terminology Relating to Metho
9、ds of Mechanical TestingE20 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Sub-stances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometres by OpticalMicroscopy (Withdrawn 1994)3E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derivedfrom Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball ApparatusE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus
10、, Tangent Modulus,and Chord ModulusE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifica-tion of ASTM Hydrometers2.2 ISO Standards:41382-82 Rubber-Vocabulary Second Edition (Addendum16-18-1998)3. Terminologyabrasion, nsurface loss of a material due to frictional forces.abrasion resistance index
11、, nmeasure of the abrasion resis-tance of a rubber relative to that of a standard rubber underthe same specified conditions, expressed as a percentage.accelerated life test, ntest method designed to approximatein a short time, the deteriorating effect of normal long-termservice conditions.accelerato
12、r, delayed action, naccelerator that, in conjunc-tion with other curing agent(s), produces, at vulcanizingtemperatures, a period of no significant cross-linking, fol-lowed by a period of rapid cross-link formation.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the d
13、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D11.08 on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1566 11. DOI:10.1520/D1566-14.The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and
14、 theASTM technical committee having jurisdiction.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last ap
15、proved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
16、-2959. United States1accelerator (rubber), ncompounding material used in smallamounts with a vulcanizing agent to increase the speed ofvulcanization.DISCUSSIONProperties of a vulcanizate are changed by the type oramount of accelerator used.activator, ncompounding material used in small proportionsto
17、 increase the effectiveness of an accelerator.adhesion, ncondition in which surfaces are held together bychemical or physical forces or both.adhesion failure, nloss of structural integrity due to theseparation of two bonded surfaces at the bond interface.adhesion value, nforce required to cause adhe
18、sion failure.DISCUSSIONAny separation occurring at any other point, forexample, inside either component under test, is a failure of thecomponent material, and such separation should not be considered asindicating adhesion strength.adhesive failure, nseparation of two bonded surfaces thatoccurs withi
19、n the bonding material.DISCUSSIONAdhesive failure occurs when the adhesive strength ofa bonding material is greater than its cohesive strength.aftercure, ncontinuation of the process of vulcanization afterthe energy source has been removed.age resistance, nability of a material to resist deteriorati
20、oncaused by ageing.agglomerate, compounding material, ncluster of particlesof one or more compounding materials loosely held together.agglomerate, latex, ncluster of rubber particles in a colloidalaqueous suspension of such particles.agglomerates, nclusters of particles of compounding mate-rials con
21、tained in a continuous rubber phase.agglomeration (latex), nreversible or irreversible joiningtogether of latex particles.ageing (act of), nexposure of materials to a deterioratingenvironment for a specified time interval.ageing (rubber), nirreversible change of material propertiesduring exposure to
22、 a deteriorating environment, for a speci-fied time interval.ageing, accelerated, nexposure of rubber to a test environ-ment with the intent of producing, in a shorter time period,effects similar to normal ageing.ageing, air bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of air at an elevated tem
23、perature and pressure.ageing, air oven, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of air at an elevated temperature at atmosphericpressure.ageing, natural, nageing under normal service conditions.ageing, oxygen bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of oxygen at an elevated temperature
24、and pressure.ageing, shelf, nageing during storage.alloy, nunique composition of two or more polymers that hasone or more of the polymers treated or processed in a specialway to confer enhanced performance characteristics on theresulting material.anticoagulant (natural rubber latex), nsubstance adde
25、d tofield latex from Havea brasiliensis or to guayule latex toretard bacterial action which would otherwise cause rapidcoagulation of the latex.DISCUSSIONThe word “stabilizer” is often used in place of “antico-agulant” in latex terminology.antidegradant, ncompounding material used to retard dete-rio
26、ration caused by oxidation, ozone, light, and combina-tions of these.DISCUSSION“Antidegradant” is a generic term for such additives asantioxidants, antiozonants, and waxes.antiflex cracking agent, ncompounding material used toretard cracking caused by cyclic deformations.antifoaming agent, nagent th
27、at inhibits bubble formation inan agitated liquid, usually by reducing the surface tension.antioxidant, ncompounding material used to retard deterio-ration caused by oxidation.antiozonant, ncompounding material used to retard deterio-ration caused by ozone.antistatic agent, nmaterial which reduces t
28、he tendency foraccumulation of electric charge on the surface of an article.apparent density, nSee density, bulk, the preferred term.aromatic oil, nhydrocarbon process oil containing at least35 %, by mass, of aromatic hydrocarbons.ash, nresidue from incineration of a material under specifiedconditio
29、ns.autoclave (rubber), npressure vessel used for vulcanizingrubber products by means of steam under pressure.backrinding, nmolding defect in which the rubber adjacentto the spew line shrinks below the surface of the moldedproduct, with the spew line often being ragged and torn.bag cure, nmethod of v
30、ulcanization in which an inflatedflexible bag is used to impart positive internal pressure onthe article being vulcanized.balata, nhard thermoplastic consisting of approximatelyequal proportions of trans-polyisoprene and resin, obtainedfrom trees of the Sapotaceae family.bale coating, ncoating appli
31、ed to surfaces of rubber balesthat inhibits adhesion to other surfaces.ball mill, nclosed rotating cylinder containing hard balls (orother shaped members) that serves to grind coarse materialsto a finer particle size.bank (mill, calender, or spreader), nreservoir of material atthe opening between ro
32、lls (mill or calender), or at thespreader bar.D1566 142batch, nproduct of one mixing operation.bench marks, ntwo marks of known separation applied to aspecimen to measure the strain of the specimen duringextension.black scorch, nsignificant, reversible increase in the elasticproperties of a rubber c
33、ompound due to interactions betweenthe polymer and carbon black.DISCUSSIONThe term “black scorch” is not related to “scorch.”blank, nportion of a rubber compound of suitable volume tofill the cavity of a mold.bleeding, nexuding of a liquid compounding material fromthe surface of a vulcanized or unvu
34、lcanized rubber.blister(s), nsurface or internal imperfection(s), produced byentrapped gases or other volatiles, during the manufacture ofrubber articles.block copolymer, npolymer consisting of alternating groupsof monomer units, typically in the sequence A-B-A, wheregroup A contains a set of identi
35、cal monomer units and groupB contains a different set of identical monomer units.bloom (rubber), nliquid or solid material that has migratedto the surface of a rubber and generally changes the surfaceappearance.blow, nvolume expansion that occurs during the productionof cellular or sponge rubber.blo
36、wing agent, ncompounding material used to produce gasby chemical or physical action, or both, in the manufactureof hollow or cellular articles.booster, nsynonym for secondary accelerator, which is thepreferred term.bound monomer, nmonomer that is combined or reactedwith itself or other types of mono
37、mers in a polymerizationreaction to form a polymer.DISCUSSIONThis term is used in synthetic rubber production, andthe bound monomer is normally expressed as a percentage of totalpolymer.bound rubber, nnonvulcanized polymer attached to a fillerthrough any combination of absorption, chemisxorption,phy
38、sical entrapment, or crosslinking of free molecules; thepolymer-filler combination is insoluble in solvents thatnormally dissolve the polymer.branched polymer, npolymer that has side chains of thesame monomer composition as the main chain attached atpoints along the main chain.buffing rubber, nparti
39、culate rubber produced as a byproductof the buffing operation in the carcass preparation stage of atire retreading; characterized by a wide range of particlesizes that are predominately elongated or acicular in shape.See particulate rubber.DISCUSSIONThe appearance of the unique shape of the particle
40、s ofthis material is only apparent in finished goods or products that containparticles having a dimension greater in size than 600 m (30 mesh).bulk density, nmass per unit volume of a material, includingany voids present.bumping, molding process, napplication, release, and reap-plication of pressure
41、 prior to the start of vulcanization to vententrapped gases, thereby facilitating complete filling of themold.calender, nmachine with two or more parallel, counter-rotating rolls with a controllable, roll-to-roll spacing, rotat-ing at selected surface speeds and controlled temperatures,used for shee
42、ting, laminating, skim coating (topping) andfriction coating, to a controlled thickness and/or surfacecondition.carbon black, nmaterial consisting essentially of elementalcarbon in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles andcoalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained bypartial c
43、ombustion or thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons. D3053carbon black, thermal, ntype of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character
44、 of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.D3053carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, nthermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas D3053carbon gel (carbon-rubber-gel), nportion of rubber that isnot leached by a solvent under specified conditions, from anintimate mixture of carbon black and unvulcan
45、ized rubber.carcass, nfabric, cord, or metal reinforced section, or allthree, of a rubber product as distinguished from the rubbertube, cover, or tread.cell, nsingle small cavity surrounded partially or completelyby walls.cell, closed, ncell totally enclosed by its walls, hence notinterconnecting wi
46、th other cells.cell, open, ncell not totally enclosed by its walls and henceinterconnecting with other cells.cellular material, ngeneric term for materials containingmany cells (either open, closed, or both) dispersed through-out the mass.cellular material, collapse, nundesirable densification of ac
47、ellular material resulting from the breakdown of its cellularstructure.cellular material, cored, ncellular material containing amultiplicity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindricalin shape), molded or cut into the material in some patternnormally perpendicular to the largest surface, and
48、 extendingpart or all the way through the piece.cellular material, flexible, ncellular organic polymeric ma-terial that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25mm (8 by 1 by 1 in.) is bent around a 25-mm (1-in.) diameterD1566 143mandrel at a uniform rate of one lap in5satatemperaturebetween
49、18 and 29C.cellular rubber, nrubber products containing cells or hollowreceptacles which may be open, interconnecting, or closedand not interconnecting.cellular striation, ncondition characterized by a layer withina cellular material that differs greatly from the characteristiccell structure.cement, rubber, nadhesive that is either a liquid dispersionor solution of raw or compounded rubber, or both.centrifuged rubber latex, nlatex, the rubber concentrationof which has been increased by
