1、Designation: D 1586 08aStandard Test Method forStandard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Samplingof Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1586; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the pro
3、cedure, generallyknown as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), for driving asplit-barrel sampler to obtain a representative disturbed soilsample for identification purposes, and measure the resistanceof the soil to penetration of the sampler. Another method (TestMethod D 3550) to drive a split-barre
4、l sampler to obtain arepresentative soil sample is available but the hammer energyis not standardized.1.2 Practice D 6066 gives a guide to determining the nor-malized penetration resistance of sands for energy adjustmentsof N-value to a constant energy level for evaluating liquefac-tion potential.1.
5、3 Test results and identification information are used toestimate subsurface conditions for foundation design.1.4 Penetration resistance testing is typically performed at5-foot depth intervals or when a significant change of materialsis observed during drilling, unless otherwise specified.1.5 This t
6、est method is limited to use in nonlithified soilsand soils whose maximum particle size is approximately lessthan one-half of the sampler diameter.1.6 This test method involves use of rotary drilling equip-ment (Guide D 5783, Practice D 6151). Other drilling andsampling procedures (Guide D 6286, Gui
7、de D 6169) are avail-able and may be more appropriate. Considerations for handdriving or shallow sampling without boreholes are not ad-dressed. Subsurface investigations should be recorded in ac-cordance with Practice D 5434. Samples should be preservedand transported in accordance with Practice D 4
8、220 usingGroup B. Soil samples should be identified by group name andsymbol in accordance with Practice D 2488.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.8 The values
9、 stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard, except as noted below. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, whichare provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.1.8.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with
10、 inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.9 Penetration resistance measurements often will involvesafety planning, administration, and documentation. This testmethod does not purport to address all aspects of explorationa
11、nd site safety. This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Pe
12、rformance of thetest usually involves use of a drill rig; therefore, safetyrequirements as outlined in applicable safety standards (forexample, OSHA regulations,2NDA Drilling Safety Guide,3drilling safety manuals, and other applicable state and localregulations) must be observed.2. Referenced Docume
13、nts2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Mois
14、ture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct resp
15、onsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 1586 08.2Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OS
16、HA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.3Available from the National Drilling Association, 3511 Center Rd., Suite 8,Brunswick, OH 44212, http:/.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
17、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Vis
18、ual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transportin
19、g SoilSamplesD 4633 Test Method for Energy Measurement for DynamicPenetrometersD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface
20、 Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6066 Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetra-tion Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of LiquefactionPotentialD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil
21、 SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site CharacterizationD 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analy
22、sis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Definitions of terms included in Terminol-ogy D 653 specific to this practice are:3.1.1 cathead, nthe rotating drum or windlass in therope-cathead lift system around which the operator wraps arope to lift and drop the hammer by successively tightening andloosening t
23、he rope turns around the drum.3.1.2 drill rods, nrods used to transmit downward forceand torque to the drill bit while drilling a borehole.3.1.3 N-value, nthe blow count representation of thepenetration resistance of the soil. The N-value, reported inblows per foot, equals the sum of the number of b
24、lows (N)required to drive the sampler over the depth interval of 6 to 18in. (150 to 450 mm) (see 7.3).3.1.4 Standard Penetration Test (SPT), na test process inthe bottom of the borehole where a split-barrel sampler havingan inside diameter of either 1-1/2-in. (38.1 mm) or 1-3/8-in.(34.9 mm) (see Not
25、e 2) is driven a given distance of 1.0 ft (0.30m) after a seating interval of 0.5 ft (0.15 m) using a hammerweighing approximately 140-lbf (623-N) falling 30 6 1.0 in.(0.76 m 6 0.030 m) for each hammer blow.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anvil, nthat portion of the drive-we
26、ight assemblywhich the hammer strikes and through which the hammerenergy passes into the drill rods.3.2.2 drive weight assembly, nan assembly that consistsof the hammer, anvil, hammer fall guide system, drill rodattachment system, and any hammer drop system hoistingattachments.3.2.3 hammer, nthat po
27、rtion of the drive-weight assemblyconsisting of the 140 6 2 lbf (623 6 9 N) impact weight whichis successively lifted and dropped to provide the energy thataccomplishes the sampling and penetration.3.2.4 hammer drop system, nthat portion of the drive-weight assembly by which the operator or automati
28、c systemaccomplishes the lifting and dropping of the hammer toproduce the blow.3.2.5 hammer fall guide, nthat part of the drive-weightassembly used to guide the fall of the hammer.3.2.6 number of rope turns, nthe total contact anglebetween the rope and the cathead at the beginning of theoperators ro
29、pe slackening to drop the hammer, divided by360 (see Fig. 1).3.2.7 sampling rods, nrods that connect the drive-weightassembly to the sampler. Drill rods are often used for thispurpose.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a disturbed soil sample formoisture content determination, for
30、identification and classifi-cation (Practices D 2487 and D 2488) purposes, and for labo-ratory tests appropriate for soil obtained from a sampler thatwill produce large shear strain disturbance in the sample suchas Test Methods D 854, D 2216, and D 6913. Soil depositscontaining gravels, cobbles, or
31、boulders typically result inpenetration refusal and damage to the equipment.4.2 This test method provides a disturbed soil sample formoisture content determination and laboratory identification.Sample quality is generally not suitable for advanced labora-tory testing for engineering properties. The
32、process of drivingthe sampler will cause disturbance of the soil and change theengineering properties. Use of the thin wall tube sampler(Practice D 1587) may result in less disturbance in soft soils.Coring techniques may result in less disturbance than SPTsampling for harder soils, but it is not alw
33、ays the case, that is,some cemented soils may become loosened by water actionduring coring; see Practice D 6151, and Guide D 6169.4.3 This test method is used extensively in a great variety ofgeotechnical exploration projects. Many local correlations andwidely published correlations which relate blo
34、w count, orN-value, and the engineering behavior of earthworks andfoundations are available. For evaluating the liquefactionpotential of sands during an earthquake event, the N-valueshould be normalized to a standard overburden stress level.Practice D 6066 provides methods to obtain a record ofnorma
35、lized resistance of sands to the penetration of a standardsampler driven by a standard energy.The penetration resistanceis adjusted to drill rod energy ratio of 60 % by using a hammersystem with either an estimated energy delivery or directlymeasuring drill rod stress wave energy using Test MethodD
36、4633.NOTE 1The reliability of data and interpretations generated by thispractice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing itD 1586 08a2and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used.Agencies that meetthe criteria of Practice D 3740 generally are considered capable ofcompe
37、tent testing. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D 3740 does not assure reliable testing. Reliable testingdepends on several factors and Practice D 3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of these factors. Practice D 3740 was developed foragencies engaged in the testin
38、g, inspection, or both, of soils and rock. Assuch, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. Usersof this test method should recognize that the framework of PracticeD 3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performingthis test method. Currently, there is
39、no known qualifying national authoritythat inspects agencies that perform this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 Drilling EquipmentAny drilling equipment that pro-vides at the time of sampling a suitable borehole beforeinsertion of the sampler and ensures that the penetration test isperformed on intact so
40、il shall be acceptable. The followingpieces of equipment have proven to be suitable for advancinga borehole in some subsurface conditions:5.1.1 Drag, Chopping, and Fishtail Bits, less than 6 in.(165 mm) and greater than 2 in. (57 mm) in diameter may beused in conjunction with open-hole rotary drilli
41、ng or casing-advancement drilling methods. To avoid disturbance of theunderlying soil, bottom discharge bits are not permitted; onlyside discharge bits are permitted.5.1.2 Roller-Cone Bits, less than 6 in. (165 mm) andgreater than 2 in. (57 mm) in diameter may be used inconjunction with open-hole ro
42、tary drilling or casing-advancement drilling methods if the drilling fluid discharge isdeflected.5.1.3 Hollow-Stem Continuous Flight Augers, with or with-out a center bit assembly, may be used to drill the borehole.The inside diameter of the hollow-stem augers shall be lessthan 6 in. (165 mm) and no
43、t less than 2 in. (57 mm).5.1.4 Solid, Continuous Flight, Bucket and Hand Augers,less than 6 in. (165 mm) and not less than 2 in. (57 mm) indiameter may be used if the soil on the side of the boreholedoes not cave onto the sampler or sampling rods duringsampling.5.2 Sampling RodsFlush-joint steel dr
44、ill rods shall beused to connect the split-barrel sampler to the drive-weightassembly. The sampling rod shall have a stiffness (moment ofinertia) equal to or greater than that of parallel wall “A” rod (asteel rod that has an outside diameter of 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm)and an inside diameter of 1-1/8 in.
45、(28.5 mm).5.3 Split-Barrel SamplerThe standard sampler dimen-sions are shown in Fig. 2. The sampler has an outside diameterof 2.00 in. (50.8 mm). The inside diameter of the of thesplit-barrel (dimension D in Fig. 2) can be either 1-in. (38.1(a) counterclockwise rotationapproximately 134 turns(b) clo
46、ckwise rotationapproximately 214 turnsFIG. 1 Definitions of the Number of Rope Turns and the Angle for (a) Counterclockwise Rotation and (b) Clockwise Rotation of theCatheadD 1586 08a3mm) or 1“-in. (34.9 mm) (see Note 2). A 16-gauge liner canbe used inside the 1-in. (38.1 mm) split barrel sampler. T
47、hedriving shoe shall be of hardened steel and shall be replaced orrepaired when it becomes dented or distorted. The penetratingend of the drive shoe may be slightly rounded. The split-barrelsampler must be equipped with a ball check and vent. Metal orplastic baskets may be used to retain soil sample
48、s.NOTE 2Both theory and available test data suggest that N-values maydiffer as much as 10 to 30 % between a constant inside diameter samplerand upset wall sampler. If it is necessary to correct for the upset wallsampler refer to Practice D 6066. In North America, it is now commonpractice to use an u
49、pset wall sampler with an inside diameter of 1 in. Atone time, liners were used but practice evolved to use the upset wallsampler without liners. Use of an upset wall sampler allows for use ofretainers if needed, reduces inside friction, and improves recovery. Manyother countries still use a constant ID split-barrel sampler, which was theoriginal standard and still acceptable within this standard.5.4 Drive-Weight Assembly:5.4.1 Hammer and AnvilThe hammer shall weigh 140 62 lbf (623 6 9 N) and shall be a rigid metallic mass. Thehammer
