1、Designation: D1586 11Standard Test Method forStandard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Samplingof Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1586; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the proced
3、ure, generallyknown as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), for driving asplit-barrel sampler to obtain a representative disturbed soilsample for identification purposes, and measure the resistanceof the soil to penetration of the sampler. Another method (TestMethod D3550) to drive a split-barrel sa
4、mpler to obtain arepresentative soil sample is available but the hammer energyis not standardized.1.2 Practice D6066 gives a guide to determining the nor-malized penetration resistance of sands for energy adjustmentsof N-value to a constant energy level for evaluating liquefac-tion potential.1.3 Tes
5、t results and identification information are used toestimate subsurface conditions for foundation design.1.4 Penetration resistance testing is typically performed at5-ft depth intervals or when a significant change of materials isobserved during drilling, unless otherwise specified.1.5 This test met
6、hod is limited to use in nonlithified soilsand soils whose maximum particle size is approximately lessthan one-half of the sampler diameter.1.6 This test method involves use of rotary drilling equip-ment (Guide D5783, Practice D6151). Other drilling andsampling procedures (Guide D6286, Guide D6169)
7、are avail-able and may be more appropriate. Considerations for handdriving or shallow sampling without boreholes are not ad-dressed. Subsurface investigations should be recorded in ac-cordance with Practice D5434. Samples should be preservedand transported in accordance with Practice D4220 usingGrou
8、p B. Soil samples should be identified by group name andsymbol in accordance with Practice D2488.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.8 The values stated in inch
9、-pound units are to be regardedas standard, except as noted below. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, whichare provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.1.8.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound uni
10、ts. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.9 Penetration resistance measurements often will involvesafety planning, administration, and documentation. This testmethod does not purport to address all aspects of explorationand site safety.
11、 This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Performance of th
12、etest usually involves use of a drill rig; therefore, safetyrequirements as outlined in applicable safety standards (forexample, OSHA regulations,2NDA Drilling Safety Guide,3drilling safety manuals, and other applicable state and localregulations) must be observed.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
13、ndards:4D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of So
14、il and Rock by Mass1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1958
15、. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D158608a. DOI:10.1520/D1586-11.2Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.3Available from the National Drilling Association, 3511 Center Rd., Suite 8,Brunswick, O
16、H 44212, http:/.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
17、 end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Vi
18、sual-Manual Procedure)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting
19、SoilSamplesD4633 Test Method for Energy Measurement for DynamicPenetrometersD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explorationand the Installation of Subsurface Water-Q
20、uality Monitor-ing DevicesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6066 Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetra-tion Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of LiquefactionPotentialD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6
21、169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site CharacterizationD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis3. Terminol
22、ogy3.1 Definitions: Definitions of terms included in Terminol-ogy D653 specific to this practice are:3.1.1 cathead, nthe rotating drum or windlass in therope-cathead lift system around which the operator wraps arope to lift and drop the hammer by successively tightening andloosening the rope turns a
23、round the drum.3.1.2 drill rods, nrods used to transmit downward forceand torque to the drill bit while drilling a borehole.3.1.3 N-value, nthe blow count representation of thepenetration resistance of the soil. The N-value, reported inblows per foot, equals the sum of the number of blows (N)require
24、d to drive the sampler over the depth interval of 6 to 18in. (150 to 450 mm) (see 7.3).3.1.4 Standard Penetration Test (SPT), na test process inthe bottom of the borehole where a split-barrel sampler havingan inside diameter of either 1-1/2-in. (38.1 mm) or 1-3/8-in.(34.9 mm) (see Note 2) is driven
25、a given distance of 1.0 ft (0.30m) after a seating interval of 0.5 ft (0.15 m) using a hammerweighing approximately 140-lbf (623-N) falling 30 6 1.0 in.(0.76 m 6 0.030 m) for each hammer blow.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anvil, nthat portion of the drive-weight assemblywh
26、ich the hammer strikes and through which the hammerenergy passes into the drill rods.3.2.2 drive weight assembly, nan assembly that consistsof the hammer, anvil, hammer fall guide system, drill rodattachment system, and any hammer drop system hoistingattachments.3.2.3 hammer, nthat portion of the dr
27、ive-weight assemblyconsisting of the 140 6 2 lbf (623 6 9 N) impact weight whichis successively lifted and dropped to provide the energy thataccomplishes the sampling and penetration.3.2.4 hammer drop system, nthat portion of the drive-weight assembly by which the operator or automatic systemaccompl
28、ishes the lifting and dropping of the hammer toproduce the blow.3.2.5 hammer fall guide, nthat part of the drive-weightassembly used to guide the fall of the hammer.3.2.6 number of rope turns, nthe total contact anglebetween the rope and the cathead at the beginning of theoperators rope slackening t
29、o drop the hammer, divided by360 (see Fig. 1).3.2.7 sampling rods, nrods that connect the drive-weightassembly to the sampler. Drill rods are often used for thispurpose.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a disturbed soil sample formoisture content determination, for identification
30、and classifi-cation (Practices D2487 and D2488) purposes, and for labora-tory tests appropriate for soil obtained from a sampler that willproduce large shear strain disturbance in the sample such asTest Methods D854, D2216, and D6913. Soil deposits contain-ing gravels, cobbles, or boulders typically
31、 result in penetrationrefusal and damage to the equipment.4.2 This test method provides a disturbed soil sample formoisture content determination and laboratory identification.Sample quality is generally not suitable for advanced labora-tory testing for engineering properties. The process of driving
32、the sampler will cause disturbance of the soil and change theengineering properties. Use of the thin wall tube sampler(Practice D1587) may result in less disturbance in soft soils.Coring techniques may result in less disturbance than SPTsampling for harder soils, but it is not always the case, that
33、is,some cemented soils may become loosened by water actionduring coring; see Practice D6151, and Guide D6169.4.3 This test method is used extensively in a great variety ofgeotechnical exploration projects. Many local correlations andwidely published correlations which relate blow count, orN-value, a
34、nd the engineering behavior of earthworks andfoundations are available. For evaluating the liquefactionpotential of sands during an earthquake event, the N-valueshould be normalized to a standard overburden stress level.Practice D6066 provides methods to obtain a record ofnormalized resistance of sa
35、nds to the penetration of a standardsampler driven by a standard energy.The penetration resistanceis adjusted to drill rod energy ratio of 60 % by using a hammersystem with either an estimated energy delivery or directlymeasuring drill rod stress wave energy using Test MethodD4633.NOTE 1The reliabil
36、ity of data and interpretations generated by thispractice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing itD1586 112and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used.Agencies that meetthe criteria of Practice D3740 generally are considered capable ofcompetent testing. Users of thi
37、s practice are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D3740 does not assure reliable testing. Reliable testingdepends on several factors and Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of these factors. Practice D3740 was developed foragencies engaged in the testing, inspection, or both, of so
38、ils and rock. Assuch, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. Usersof this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this testmethod. Currently, there is no known qualifying national a
39、uthority thatinspects agencies that perform this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 Drilling EquipmentAny drilling equipment that pro-vides at the time of sampling a suitable borehole beforeinsertion of the sampler and ensures that the penetration test isperformed on intact soil shall be acceptable. The fo
40、llowingpieces of equipment have proven to be suitable for advancinga borehole in some subsurface conditions:5.1.1 Drag, Chopping, and Fishtail Bits, less than 6 in.(165 mm) and greater than 2 in. (57 mm) in diameter may beused in conjunction with open-hole rotary drilling or casing-advancement drill
41、ing methods. To avoid disturbance of theunderlying soil, bottom discharge bits are not permitted; onlyside discharge bits are permitted.5.1.2 Roller-Cone Bits, less than 6 in. (165 mm) andgreater than 2 in. (57 mm) in diameter may be used inconjunction with open-hole rotary drilling or casing-advanc
42、ement drilling methods if the drilling fluid discharge isdeflected.5.1.3 Hollow-Stem Continuous Flight Augers, with or with-out a center bit assembly, may be used to drill the borehole.The inside diameter of the hollow-stem augers shall be lessthan 6 in. (165 mm) and not less than 2 in. (57 mm).5.1.
43、4 Solid, Continuous Flight, Bucket and Hand Augers,less than 6 in. (165 mm) and not less than 2 in. (57 mm) indiameter may be used if the soil on the side of the boreholedoes not cave onto the sampler or sampling rods duringsampling.5.2 Sampling RodsFlush-joint steel drill rods shall beused to conne
44、ct the split-barrel sampler to the drive-weightassembly. The sampling rod shall have a stiffness (moment ofinertia) equal to or greater than that of parallel wall “A” rod (asteel rod that has an outside diameter of 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm)and an inside diameter of 1-1/8 in. (28.5 mm).5.3 Split-Barrel Sam
45、plerThe standard sampler dimen-sions are shown in Fig. 2. The sampler has an outside diameterof 2.00 in. (50.8 mm). The inside diameter of the of thesplit-barrel (dimension D in Fig. 2) can be either 1-in. (38.1(a) counterclockwise rotationapproximately 134 turns(b) clockwise rotationapproximately 2
46、14 turnsFIG. 1 Definitions of the Number of Rope Turns and the Angle for (a) Counterclockwise Rotation and (b) Clockwise Rotation of theCatheadD1586 113mm) or 1“-in. (34.9 mm) (see Note 2). A 16-gauge liner canbe used inside the 1-in. (38.1 mm) split barrel sampler. Thedriving shoe shall be of harde
47、ned steel and shall be replaced orrepaired when it becomes dented or distorted. The penetratingend of the drive shoe may be slightly rounded. The split-barrelsampler must be equipped with a ball check and vent. Metal orplastic baskets may be used to retain soil samples.NOTE 2Both theory and availabl
48、e test data suggest that N-values maydiffer as much as 10 to 30 % between a constant inside diameter samplerand upset wall sampler. If it is necessary to correct for the upset wallsampler refer to Practice D6066. In North America, it is now commonpractice to use an upset wall sampler with an inside
49、diameter of 1 in. Atone time, liners were used but practice evolved to use the upset wallsampler without liners. Use of an upset wall sampler allows for use ofretainers if needed, reduces inside friction, and improves recovery. Manyother countries still use a constant ID split-barrel sampler, which was theoriginal standard and still acceptable within this standard.5.4 Drive-Weight Assembly:5.4.1 Hammer and AnvilThe hammer shall weigh 140 62 lbf (623 6 9 N) and shall be a rigid metallic mass. Thehammer shall strike the anvil and make st
