1、Designation: D 1587 08Standard Practice forThin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for GeotechnicalPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers a procedure for using a
3、 thin-walledmetal tube to recover relatively intact soil samples suitable forlaboratory tests of engineering properties, such as strength,compressibility, permeability, and density. Thin-walled tubesused in piston, plug, or rotary-type samplers should complywith Section 6.3 of this practice which de
4、scribes the thin-walled tubes.NOTE 1This practice does not apply to liners used within thesamplers.1.2 This Practice is limited to soils that can be penetrated bythe thin-walled tube. This sampling method is not recom-mended for sampling soils containing gravel or larger size soilparticles cemented
5、or very hard soils. Other soil samplers maybe used for sampling these soil types. Such samplers includedriven split barrel samplers and soil coring devices (D 1586,D 3550, and D 6151). For information on appropriate use ofother soil samplers refer to D 6169.1.3 This practice is often used in conjunc
6、tion with fluidrotary drilling (D 1452, D 5783) or hollow-stem augers(D 6151). Subsurface geotechnical explorations should bereported in accordance with practice (D 5434). This practicediscusses some aspects of sample preservation after the sam-pling event. For information on preservation and transp
7、ortationprocess of soil samples, consult Practice D 4220. This practicedoes not address environmental sampling; consult D 6169 andD 6232 for information on sampling for environmental inves-tigations.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthe
8、ses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4.1 The tubing tolerances presented in Table 1 are fromsources available in NorthAmerica. Use of metric equivalent isacceptable as long as thickness and proportions are similar tothose
9、 required in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
10、rior to use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM
11、 standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the d
12、ocument has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampli
13、ng of SoilsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineer
14、ing Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition appr
15、oved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1587 00 (2007)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Expl
17、ora-tions of Soil and RockD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 61
18、69 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standar
19、d, referto Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 inside clearance ratio, %, nthe ratio of the differ-ence in the inside diameter of the tube, Di, minus the insidediameter of the cutting edge, De, to the inside diameter of thetube, Diexpressed as a percentage (see
20、 Fig. 1).3.2.2 ovality, nthe cross section of the tube that deviatesfrom a perfect circle.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A relatively intact sample is obtained by pressing athin-walled metal tube into the in-situ soil at the bottom of aboring, removing the soil-filled tube, and applying seals to thesoil
21、surfaces to prevent soil movement and moisture gain orloss.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice, or Practice D 3550 with thin wall shoe, isused when it is necessary to obtain a relatively intact specimensuitable for laboratory tests of engineering properties or othertests that might be influence
22、d by soil disturbance.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand ob
23、jective sampling. Users of this practice. are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Drilling EquipmentWhen sampling in a b
24、oring, anydrilling equipment may be used that provides a reasonablyclean hole; that minimizes disturbance of the soil to besampled; and that does not hinder the penetration of thethin-walled sampler. Open borehole diameter and the insideTABLE 1 Dimensional Tolerances for Thin-Walled TubesNominal Tub
25、e Diameters from Table 2ATolerancesSize OutsideDiameter2in.50.8mm3in.76.2mm5in.127mmOutside diameter, Do+0.007 +0.179 +0.010 +0.254 +0.015 0.381-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000Inside diameter, Di+0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000-0.007 -0.179 -0.010 -0.254 -0.015 -0.381Wall thickness
26、 60.007 60.179 60.010 60.254 60.015 60.381Ovality 0.015 0.381 0.020 0.508 0.030 0.762Straightness 0.030/ft 2.50/m 0.030/ft 2.50/m 0.030/ft 2.50/mAIntermediate or larger diameters should be proportional. Specify only two ofthe first three tolerances; that is, Doand Di,orDoand Wall thickness, or Diand
27、 Wallthickness.NOTE 1Minimum of two mounting holes on opposite sides for Dosmaller than 4 in. (101.6 mm).NOTE 2Minimum of four mounting holes equally spaced for Do4 in. (101.6 mm) and larger.NOTE 3Tube held with hardened screws or other suitable means.NOTE 42-in (50.8 mm) outside-diameter tubes are
28、specified with an 18-gauge wall thickness to comply with area ratio criteria accepted for “intactsamples.” Users are advised that such tubing is difficult to locate and can be extremely expensive in small quantities. Sixteen-gauge tubes are generallyreadily available.Metric Equivalent Conversionsin.
29、 mm38 9.5312 12.71 25.42 50.83 76.24 101.65 127FIG. 1 Thin-Walled Tube for SamplingD1587082diameter of driven casing or hollow stem auger shall notexceed 3.5 times the outside diameter of the thin-walled tube.6.2 Sampler Insertion Equipment, shall be adequate toprovide a relatively rapid continuous
30、penetration force. Forhard formations it may be necessary, although not recom-mended, to drive the thin-walled tube sampler.6.3 Thin-Walled Tubes, should be manufactured to thedimensions as shown in Fig. 1. They should have an outsidediameter of 2 to 5 in. (50 to 130 mm) and be made of metalhaving a
31、dequate strength for the type of soil to be sampled.Tubes shall be clean and free of all surface irregularitiesincluding projecting weld seams. Other diameters may be usedbut the tube dimensions should be proportional to the tubedesigns presented here.6.3.1 Length of TubesSee Table 2 and 7.4.1.6.3.2
32、 Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table1.6.3.3 Inside Clearance Ratio, should be not greater than1 % unless specified otherwise for the type of soil to besampled. Generally, the inside clearance ratio used shouldincrease with the increase in plasticity of the soil beingsampled, except
33、 for sensitive soils or where local experienceindicates otherwise. See 3.2.1 and Fig. 1 for definition of insideclearance ratio.6.3.4 Corrosion ProtectionCorrosion, whether from gal-vanic or chemical reaction, can damage or destroy both thethin-walled tube and the sample. Severity of damage is afunc
34、tion of time as well as interaction between the sample andthe tube. Thin-walled tubes should have some form of protec-tive coating, unless the soil is to be extruded less than 3 days.The type of coating to be used may vary depending upon thematerial to be sampled. Plating of the tubes or alternate b
35、asemetals may be specified. Galvanized tubes are often used whenlong term storage is required. Coatings may include a light coatof lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, Teflon, zinc oxide, andothers.NOTE 3Most coating materials are not resistant to scratching by soilsthat contain sands. Consideration sho
36、uld be given for prompt testing of thesample because chemical reactions between the metal and the soil samplecon occur with time.6.4 Sampler Head, serves to couple the thin-walled tube tothe insertion equipment and, together with the thin-walled tube,comprises the thin-walled tube sampler. The sampl
37、er head shallcontain a venting area and suitable check valve with theventing area to the outside equal to or greater than the areathrough the check valve. In some special cases, a check valvemay not be required but venting is required to avoid samplecompression. Attachment of the head to the tube sh
38、all beconcentric and coaxial to assure uniform application of force tothe tube by the sampler insertion equipment.7. Procedure7.1 Remove loose material from the center of a casing orhollow stem auger as carefully as possible to avoid disturbanceof the material to be sampled. If groundwater is encoun
39、tered,maintain the liquid level in the borehole at or above groundwater level during the drilling and sampling operation.7.2 Bottom discharge bits are not permitted. Side dischargebits may be used, with caution. Jetting through an open-tubesampler to clean out the borehole to sampling elevation is n
40、otpermitted.NOTE 4Roller bits are available in downward-jetting and diffused-jetconfigurations. Downward-jetting configuration rock bits are not accept-able. Diffuse-jet configurations are generally acceptable.7.3 Lower the sampling apparatus so that the sample tubesbottom rests on the bottom of the
41、 hole and record depth to thebottom of the sample tube to the nearest 0.1-ft (0.03 m).7.3.1 Keep the sampling apparatus plumb during lowering,thereby preventing the cutting edge of the tube from scrapingthe wall of the borehole.7.4 Advance the sampler without rotation by a continuousrelatively rapid
42、 downward motion and record length of ad-vancement to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm).7.4.1 Determine the length of advance by the resistance andcondition of the soil formation, but the length shall neverexceed 5 to 10 diameters of the tube in sands and 10 to 15diameters of the tube in clays. In no case s
43、hall a length ofadvance be greater than the sample-tube length minus anallowance for the sampler head and a minimum of 3 in. (76mm) for sludge and end cuttings.NOTE 5The mass of sample, laboratory handling capabilities, trans-portation problems, and commercial availability of tubes will generallylim
44、it maximum practical lengths to those shown in Table 2.7.5 When the soil formation is too hard for push-typeinsertion, the tube may be driven or Practice D 3550 may beused. If driving methods are used, the data regarding weightand fall of the hammer and penetration achieved must beshown in the repor
45、t. Additionally, that tube must be promi-nently labeled a “driven sample.”7.6 Withdraw the sampler from the soil formation as care-fully as possible in order to minimize disturbance of thesample. The tube can be slowly rotated to shear the material atthe end of the tube, and to relieve water or suct
46、ion pressures (orboth) and improve recovery. Where the soil formation is soft,a delay before withdraw of the sampler (typically 5 to 30minutes) may improve sample recovery.8. Sample Measurement, Sealing and Labeling8.1 Upon removal of the tube, remove the drill cuttings inthe upper end of the tube a
47、nd measure the length of the soilsample recovered to the nearest 0.25 in. (6 mm) in the tube.Seal the upper end of the tube. Remove at least 1 in. (25 mm)TABLE 2 Suitable Thin-Walled Steel Sample TubesAOutside diameter (Do):in.mm250.8376.25127Wall thickness:Bwg 18 16 11in. 0.049 0.065 0.120mm 1.24 1
48、.65 3.05Tube length:in.m360.91360.91541.45Inside clearance ratio, % 1 1 1AThe three diameters recommended in Table 2 are indicated for purposes ofstandardization, and are not intended to indicate that sampling tubes of interme-diate or larger diameters are not acceptable. Lengths of tubes shown arei
49、llustrative. Proper lengths to be determined as suited to field conditions.D1587083of material from the lower end of the tube. Use this material forsoil description in accordance with Practice D 2488. Measurethe overall sample length. Seal the lower end of the tube.Alternatively, after measurement, the tube may be sealedwithout removal of soil from the ends of the tube.8.1.1 Tubes sealed over the ends, as opposed to those sealedwith expanding packers, should be provided with spacers orappropriate packing materials, or both prior to sealing the tubeends to provide
