1、Designation: D16 11aStandard Terminology forPaint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in stan-da
3、rds under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), andof definitions suitable for use in these standards.NOTE 1When any definition in this standards is quoted or publishedout of the context of this standard, editorially insert the followingd
4、elimiting statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, andapplications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of anexisting delimiting statement). This will limit the filed of application ofthe term and definition to that approved by this committee.1.2 In this terminology stand
5、ard, definitions used in otherASTM standards are indicated by following the definition withthe designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by thoseused by other organizations are indicated by the acronym of theorganization. Primary t
6、erms are given in bold, while narrowerand unapproved terms are given in italics.1.3 There are several specialized terminology standardsunder the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804,D1695, D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from thosestandards are included in Terminology D16. Theref
7、ore, insearches for definitions of paints and coatings terms, thesestandards should be included where appropriate.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D804 Terminology Relating to Naval Stores, Including TallOil and Related ProductsD968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings b
8、y Falling AbrasiveD1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD1653 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofOrganic Coating FilmsD1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-
9、Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1736 Test Method for Efflorescence of Interior WallPaints3D1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film FailuresCharacteristic of Exterior Latex Paints3D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings tothe Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)D3450 Test Method for W
10、ashability Properties of InteriorArchitectural CoatingsD4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-DownMethodD4209 Practice for Determining Volatile and NonvolatileContent of Cellulosics, Emulsions, Resin Solutions, Shel-lac, and VarnishesD4366 Test Methods for Hardness of Organic Coatings byPe
11、ndulum Damping Tests3D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag ofLatex PaintsD5146 Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coat-ingsD5178 Test Method for Mar Resistance of Organic Coat-ingsD6440 Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon ResinsD6488 Terminology Relating to Print ProblemsD7188
12、 Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Pro-cessesE284 Terminology of Appearance2.2 EPA Documents:4450/3-83-013R Glossary forAir Pollution Control of Indus-trial Coating OperationsMethod 24, 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A Determination ofVolatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, VolumeSoli
13、ds, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.16 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Origin
14、allyapproved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D16 - 11. DOI:10.1520/D0016-11A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
15、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from United States Environmental Protection Association (EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.1*A Summary
16、 of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms having to do with appearance,see Terminology E284.3.2 Definitions:abrasion resistance,
17、n(for coatings) the ability of a coatingto resist being worn away and to maintain its originalappearance and structure when subjected to rubbing, scrap-ing, or wear. D968, D01.23acid number, n(for coatings) the number of milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the freeacids in1
18、gofanoil, resin, varnish, or other substance;generally reported on the nonvolatile content.acid valuesee acid number.acrylic resinunder resin, synthetic, see acrylic resin.additive, na substance added in small quantities to anothersubstance, usually to improve specific properties (for ex-ample, a dr
19、ier, mildewcide, etc.).adhesion promoter, na material built into a binder or addedto a paint to form primary bonds to either the substrate or thepreviously applied coating, with the specific aim of improv-ing the dry or wet adhesion, or both. D01.23alkyd resinunder resin, synthetic, see alkyd resin.
20、architectural coating, norganic coating intended for on-siteapplication to interior or exterior surfaces of residential,commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrastto industrial coatings. D5146, D01.42DISCUSSIONThey are protective and decorative finishes applied atambient temperat
21、ures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.associative thickener, nwater-soluble polymers containinghydrophobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydro-phobic association similar to surfactants that elevate viscos-ity presumably by association between thickener particles orthickener and dispersed
22、particles that may be present in theaqueous system such as latex particles rather than throughhigh molecular weight or chain stiffness of the thickenermolecules themselves.autodeposition, na single-step immersion metal finishingprocess in which an organic coating is applied by means ofunique surface
23、 chemical reactions carried out in an aqueouslatex dispersion, also referred to as chemiphoresis. Compo-nents within the bath give rise to chemical reactions thatslightly solubilize the metallic surface and lead to destabili-zation, deposition, and coalescence of the dispersed latexparticles at that
24、 surface.DISCUSSIONThe deposition rate of the latex is controlled by the rateof surface solubilization. The process does not require any pretreat-ments such as phosphating, needs no external energy input, and givesrise to deposition wherever the solution wets the substrate. Irregularlyshaped parts c
25、an be uniformly coated.baking finish, na paint or varnish that requires baking attemperatures above 150F (65C) for the development ofdesired properties.baking temperature, na temperature above 150F (65C).batch, nthe total quantity of a material produced in a singlefinal mixing operation after all pr
26、oduction processes arecomplete, or just prior to filling.bituminous varnishunder varnish, see bituminous varnish.bleeding, nthe diffusion of coloring matter through a coatingfrom the substrate; also, the discoloration arising from suchdiffusion. In the case of printing ink, the spreading orrunning o
27、f a pigment color by the action of a solvent such aswater or alcohol.blister, na dome-shaped defect caused by the formation of agas or liquid under a coating film which results in a localizedloss of adhesion and lifting of the coating, that is, film, fromthe substrate.blistering, vito raise a bubble
28、 or blister formed by trappedgasses or trapped liquid under a cured coating or film.DISCUSSIONThere are coatings that permit gasses to pass throughthe coating without causing a blister.blistering resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist theformation in the film of dome-shaped, liquid- or gas-
29、filledprojections resulting from local loss of adhesion and liftingof the film from the previously applied coating or thesubstrate.blocking, nfor coatings other than powder coatings, thesticking of a coated surface to an adjacent surface when thetwo surfaces have been in contact for an extended peri
30、od oftime. D01.42brush-drag, nresistance encountered when applying a coat-ing by brush, directly related to the high-shear viscosity ofthe coating. D4958, D01.42bulking value, nsolid volume of a unit weight of material,usually expressed as gallons per pound. For practical pur-poses this is 0.120 div
31、ided by the specific gravity.caulking compound, na soft, plastic material, consisting ofpigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings andother structures where normal structural movement mayoccur.DISCUSSIONCaulking compound retains its plasticity for an ex-tended period after application
32、. It is available in forms suitable forapplication by gun and knife and in extruded preformed shapes.cellulose lacquersee lacquer.chalking resistance, nthe ability of a pigmented coating toresist the formation of a friable powder on its surface causedby the disintegration of the binding medium by de
33、gradativeweather factors.checking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist slightbreaks in the film that do not penetrate to the previouslyapplied coating or to the substrate. The breaks should becalled cracks if penetration extends to the previously appliedcoating or to the substrate. See cr
34、acking resistance.chipping resistance, nthe ability of a coating or layers ofcoatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces, resultingfrom impact by hard objects or from wear during service.coating, n(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition thatis converted by evaporation, cross-linking
35、, or cooling to asolid or semisolid protective, decorative, or functional ad-herent layer after application; (2) the solid or semisolid layerresulting from application of the composition above.DISCUSSIONLiquefiable can involve melting or suspending. Coat-ings include, but are not limited to, paints,
36、 varnishes, sealers, and stains.color of an object, nthe aspect of the appearance of anobject dependent upon the spectral composition of theD16 11a2incident light, the spectral reflectance or transmittance of theobject, and the spectral response of the observer.hue, nthe attribute of color perceptio
37、n by means of whicha color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue,purple, or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these,considered in a close ring, red and purple being an adjacentpair. (White, gray and black colors possess no hue). E284DISCUSSIONThe short end of the spectrum is violet,
38、with purple bydefinition being a nonspectral combination of red and violet. Thepractice of replacing violet by purple in the roster of object colors isapparently a practical accommodation to color-order requirements, asdescribed in the Munsell system. See Practice D1729.lightness, n(1) the attribute
39、 by which a perceived color isjudged to be equivalent to a member of a series of graysranging from black to white; (2) the attribute of colorperception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged toreflect more or less light. E284saturationattribute of a visual sensation that permits ajudgment to be
40、 made of the proportion of pure chromaticcolor in the total sensation. E284contrast ratio, nratio of the reflectance of a dry paint filmover a black substrate of 5 % or less reflectance, to thereflectance of the same paint, equivalently applied and dried,over a substrate of 80 % reflectance.coverage
41、, coverage rate, covering powerambiguous termsthat are used in some instances to refer to hiding power andin others to mean spreading rate. The precise terms hidingpower and spreading rate are preferred.cracking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist breaksof the film where the breaks exten
42、d through to the surfacepainted and the previously applied coating or the substrate isvisible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diametersis recommended in cases where it is difficult to differentiatebetween cracking and checking. See checking resistance.crawling, ndefect in which the wet fil
43、m recedes fromlocalized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insuffi-cient wetting) leaving those areas uncoated. D1848,D01.42curtainingsee sag or sagging.density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substrate at aspecified temperature and pressure; usually expressed ing/mL, kg,L, g/cm3, g/L, kg/m3o
44、r lb/gal. See specificgravity. D01.23, D01.24DISCUSSION(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm3; g/L = kg/m3.(2) Density(lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) 3 8.345405 . (3) The temperature should be25C for best conformance with Test Method D1475. For liquids andsolids, which are the usual concerns of Committee D01, the pressu
45、reneed not be specified. (4) Density of water at 25C = 0.997044 g/mL =8.32 lb/gal.dirt(for coatings) see soil.dirt resistance, n(for coatings) the ability of a coating toresist soiling by foreign material, other than microorganisms,deposited on or embedded in the dried coating.distinctness-of-image
46、gloss, nthe sharpness with whichimage outlines are reflected by the surface of an object.dope, na composition, usually a cellulosic lacquer, forapplication on textiles and leathers.drier, nan additive that accelerates the drying of an oil,paint, printing ink, or varnish.DISCUSSIONDriers are usually
47、metallic compositions and are avail-able in both solid and liquid forms.drying oil, nan oil that possesses to a marked degree theproperty of readily taking up oxygen from the air andchanging to a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance whenexposed in a thin film to the air.durability, na relative
48、term indicating degree of perma-nency. It may be applied to individual protective, decorative,or functional properties, for example, “the durability ofgloss,” but if used in a general way, for example, “theexcellent durability of a paint,” implies the ability of thedescribed coating to retain, to th
49、e indicated degree, all theproperties required for the continued service of the coating.edge-tracking, na residual, discernible pattern in a roller-applied coating, characterized by trails from either or bothends of the roller.efflorescence, na condition that occurs when soluble salts ina dry coating or the substrate migrate to the surface due tothe movement of water through the film; characterized by a(commonly) white, nonuniform powder or crystalline incrus-tation, not removable with neutral water but usually removedwith
