1、Designation: D16 12D16 14Standard Terminology forPaint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used
3、in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications), and of definitions suitable for use in these standards.NOTE 1When any definition in this standards is quoted or published out of the context of this standard, editorially insert the
4、 following delimitingstatement “for paints and related coatings, materials, and applications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of an existing delimitingstatement). This will limit the filed of application of the term and definition to that approved by this committee.1.2 In this term
5、inology standard, definitions used in other ASTM standards are indicated by following the definition with thedesignation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01 subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by those used byother organizations are indicated by the acronym of the organiz
6、ation. Primary terms are given in bold, while narrower andunapproved terms are given in italics.1.3 There are several specialized terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804, D1695,D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from those standards are included in Termi
7、nology D16. Therefore, in searches fordefinitions of paints and coatings terms, these standards should be included where appropriate.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D804 Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related ProductsD968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistanc
8、e of Organic Coatings by Falling AbrasiveD1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related ProductsD1653 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Organic Coating FilmsD1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
9、 Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1736 Test Method for Efflorescence of Interior Wall Paints (Withdrawn 1997)3D1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film Failures Characteristic of Exterior Latex Paints (Withdrawn 2003)3D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to t
10、he Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior Architectural CoatingsD4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down MethodD4209 Practice for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Cellulosics, Emulsions, Resin Solutions, Shellac, andV
11、arnishesD4366 Test Methods for Hardness of Organic Coatings by Pendulum Damping TestsD4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex PaintsD5146 Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural CoatingsD5178 Test Method for Mar Resistance of Organic CoatingsD6440 Terminology Relating to Hydr
12、ocarbon ResinsD6488 Terminology Relating to Print ProblemsD7188 Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.16
13、on Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2012February 2015. Originally approved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 asD16 - 11a.D16 12. DOI: 10.1520/D0016-12.10.1520/D0016-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org
14、, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM stan
15、dard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all case
16、s only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E284 Terminology
17、 of Appearance2.2 EPA Documents:4450/3-83-013R Glossary for Air Pollution Control of Industrial Coating OperationsMethod 24, 40 CFR Part 60,AppendixA Determination of Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, andWeight Solids of Surface Coatings3. Terminology3.1 For definitions
18、 of terms having to do with appearance, see Terminology E284.3.2 Definitions:abrasion resistance, n(for coatings) the ability of a coating to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearanceand structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D968, D01.23acid number, n(for coati
19、ngs) the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the free acids in1 g of an oil, resin, varnish, or other substance; generally reported on the nonvolatile content.acid valuesee acid number.acrylic resinunder resin, synthetic, see acrylic resin.additive, na substance
20、added in small quantities to another substance, usually to improve specific properties (for example, adrier, mildewcide, etc.).adhesion promoter, na material built into a binder or added to a paint to form primary bonds to either the substrate or thepreviously applied coating, with the specific aim
21、of improving the dry or wet adhesion, or both. D01.23alkyd resinunder resin, synthetic, see alkyd resin.architectural coating, norganic coating intended for on-site application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential,commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrast to industri
22、al coatings. D5146, D01.42DISCUSSIONThey are protective and decorative finishes applied at ambient temperatures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.associative thickener, nwater-soluble polymers containing hydrophobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydrophobicassociation similar to surfactant
23、s that elevate viscosity presumably by association between thickener particles or thickener anddispersed particles that may be present in the aqueous system such as latex particles rather than through high molecular weightor chain stiffness of the thickener molecules themselves.autodeposition, na si
24、ngle-step immersion metal finishing process in which an organic coating is applied by means of uniquesurface chemical reactions carried out in an aqueous latex dispersion, also referred to as chemiphoresis. Components within thebath give rise to chemical reactions that slightly solubilize the metall
25、ic surface and lead to destabilization, deposition, andcoalescence of the dispersed latex particles at that surface.DISCUSSIONThe deposition rate of the latex is controlled by the rate of surface solubilization. The process does not require any pretreatments such as phosphating,needs no external ene
26、rgy input, and gives rise to deposition wherever the solution wets the substrate. Irregularly shaped parts can be uniformly coated.baking finish, na paint or varnish that requires baking at temperatures above 150F (65C) for the development of desiredproperties.baking temperature, na temperature abov
27、e 150F (65C).batch, nthe total quantity of a material produced in a single final mixing operation after all production processes are complete,or just prior to filling.bituminous varnishunder varnish, see bituminous varnish.bleeding, nthe diffusion of coloring matter through a coating from the substr
28、ate; also, the discoloration arising from suchdiffusion. In the case of printing ink, the spreading or running of a pigment color by the action of a solvent such as water oralcohol.blister, na dome-shaped defect caused by the formation of a gas or liquid under a coating film which results in a local
29、ized lossof adhesion and lifting of the coating, that is, film, from the substrate.4 Available from United States Environmental Protection Association (EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.D16 142blistering, vito raise a bubble or blister formed
30、 by trapped gasses or trapped liquid under a cured coating or film.DISCUSSIONThere are coatings that permit gasses to pass through the coating without causing a blister.blistering resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist the formation in the film of dome-shaped, liquid- or gas-filled projecti
31、onsresulting from local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from the previously applied coating or the substrate.blocking, nfor coatings other than powder coatings, the sticking of a coated surface to an adjacent surface when the two surfaceshave been in contact for an extended period of time.
32、D01.42brush-drag, nresistance encountered when applying a coating by brush, directly related to the high-shear viscosity of thecoating. D4958, D01.42bulking value, nsolid volume of a unit weight of material, usually expressed as gallons per pound. For practical purposes thisis 0.120 divided by the s
33、pecific gravity.caulking compound, na soft, plastic material, consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and otherstructures where normal structural movement may occur.DISCUSSIONCaulking compound retains its plasticity for an extended period after application. It is avai
34、lable in forms suitable for application by gun and knife andin extruded preformed shapes.cellulose lacquersee lacquer.chalking resistance, nthe ability of a pigmented coating to resist the formation of a friable powder on its surface caused by thedisintegration of the binding medium by degradative w
35、eather factors.checking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate to the previously appliedcoating or to the substrate. The breaks should be called cracks if penetration extends to the previously applied coating or to thesubstrate. See cracking r
36、esistance.chipping resistance, nthe ability of a coating or layers of coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces, resulting fromimpact by hard objects or from wear during service.coating, n(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that is converted by evaporation, cross-linking, or c
37、ooling to a solidor semisolid protective, decorative, or functional adherent layer after application; (2) the solid or semisolid layer resulting fromapplication of the composition above.DISCUSSIONLiquefiable can involve melting or suspending. Coatings include, but are not limited to, paints, varnish
38、es, sealers, and stains.color of an object, nthe aspect of the appearance of an object dependent upon the spectral composition of the incident light, thespectral reflectance or transmittance of the object, and the spectral response of the observer.hue,nthe attribute of color perception by means of w
39、hich a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, orintermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in a close ring, red and purple being an adjacent pair. (White, gray andblack colors possess no hue). E284DISCUSSIONThe short end of the spectrum is violet, with purple b
40、y definition being a nonspectral combination of red and violet. The practice of replacing violetby purple in the roster of object colors is apparently a practical accommodation to color-order requirements, as described in the Munsell system. SeePractice D1729.lightness,n(1) the attribute by which a
41、perceived color is judged to be equivalent to a member of a series of grays ranging fromblack to white; (2) the attribute of color perception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more or less light. E284saturationattribute of a visual sensation that permits a judgment to be made of
42、 the proportion of pure chromatic color in thetotal sensation. E284contrast ratio, nratio of the reflectance of a dry paint film over a black substrate of 5 % or less reflectance, to the reflectanceof the same paint, equivalently applied and dried, over a substrate of 80 % reflectance.D16 143coverag
43、e,coveragerate,coveringpowerambiguous terms that are used in some instances to refer to hiding power and in othersto mean spreading rate. The precise terms hiding power and spreading rate are preferred.cracking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist breaks of the film where the breaks exten
44、d through to the surface paintedand the previously applied coating or the substrate is visible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diameters isrecommended in cases where it is difficult to differentiate between cracking and checking. See checking resistance.crawling, ndefect in which the wet f
45、ilm recedes from localized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insufficient wetting)leaving those areas uncoated. D1848, D01.42curtainingsee sag or sagging.density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substrate at a specified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in g/mL, kg,L,g/cm3, g/L, kg/
46、m3 or lb/gal. See specific gravity. D01.23, D01.24DISCUSSION(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm3; g/L = kg/m3. (2) Density (lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) 8.345405 . (3) The temperature should be 25C for best conformancewith Test Method D1475. For liquids and solids, which are the usual concerns of Committee D01, the
47、pressure need not be specified. (4) Density ofwater at 25C = 0.997044 g/mL = 8.32 lb/gal.dirt(for coatings) see soil.dirt resistance, n(for coatings) the ability of a coating to resist soiling by foreign material, other than microorganisms, depositedon or embedded in the dried coating.distinctness-o
48、f-image gloss, nthe sharpness with which image outlines are reflected by the surface of an object.dope, na composition, usually a cellulosic lacquer, for application on textiles and leathers.drier, nan additive that accelerates the drying of an oil, paint, printing ink, or varnish.DISCUSSIONDriers a
49、re usually metallic compositions and are available in both solid and liquid forms.drying oil, nan oil that possesses to a marked degree the property of readily taking up oxygen from the air and changing to arelatively hard, tough, elastic substance when exposed in a thin film to the air.durability, na relative term indicating degree of permanency. It may be applied to individual protective, decorative, or functionalproperties, for example, “the durability of gloss,” but if used in a general way, for example, “the exc
