1、Designation: D1677 02 (Reapproved 2011)D1677 17Standard Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Mica Paper Used forElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 These methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated mica paper to be u
3、sed as an electrical insulator or asa constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.1.2 The procedures2 appear in the following order:ASTMMethodProcedures Sections ReferencesApparent Density 12 .Aqueous Extract Conductivity 32 and 33 D202Conditioning 4 D685Dielectric St
4、rength 16 19 D149Impregnation Time 20 24 D202Moisture Content 26 28 D644Roll Quality 25 .Sampling 3 .Tensile Strength 13 15 D828Thickness 6 10 D374Weight 11 D646Weight Variability 29 31 .1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport t
5、o address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof whoever uses the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmentalpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use
6、.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T
7、rade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials atCommercial Power FrequenciesD202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical InsulationD3
8、74 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insulation (Metric) D0374_D0374MD644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)4D646 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Paper and Paperboard of Aramid Papers (Basis Weight)D685 Practice for Conditionin
9、g Paper and Paper Products for TestingD828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation1 These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating
10、 Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2017. Published April 2011December 2017. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 asD1677 02 (2007).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D
11、1677-02R11.10.1520/D1677-17.2 The test methods for other properties will be added in accordance with standard ASTM procedures as their need becomes generally desirable.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
12、Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indic
13、ation of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be co
14、nsidered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Sampling3.1 Sample in accordance with the requirements set forth in Test Methods D202.3
15、.2 Make the tests for physical properties on each sample insofar as the specimens are of sufficient width.3.3 Untreated mica papers are, in general, quite fragile and friable.At all times during the operations of sampling, conditioning,specimen preparation, and testing, great care must be taken to p
16、revent flexing and tearing, and to minimize abrasion of particlesfrom the surfaces. The test values may be are significantly and adversely affected if these precautions are not taken.4. Conditioning4.1 Condition samples in accordance with Practice D685, except that samples shouldshall remain in the
17、conditioned air for notless than 16 h prior to the tests.4.2 The following physical tests shall be made in the conditioned atmosphere: thickness, weight, tensile strength, dielectricstrength, and impregnation.5. Precision and Bias5.1 Due to the range of types and grades, and nonuniform nature of com
18、mercially available mica papers, no statement can bemade about the precision of these methods when used on these materials. Neither can a statement about bias be made because ofthe unavailability of standard reference materials. Nevertheless, these methods serve to distinguish basic, relative differ
19、ences inproperties, and variations in quality among mica papers used in electrical insulation.THICKNESS AND THICKNESS VARIATION6. Terminology Definition6.1 thickness,nof an electrical insulating material, the perpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest, determinedin accordance with a
20、 standard method.7. Significance and Use7.1 Accurate determination of thickness is important for identification purposes. Thickness is related to weight and must beknown in order to calculate apparent density and the dielectric strength.7.2 Thickness variation affects the quality of roll winding and
21、 is useful in judging the uniformity of mica paper particularly withrespect to dielectric breakdown voltage, impregnation time, and thickness of the end product.8. Test Specimens8.1 Take test specimens from the original samples obtained in accordance with Section 3 and conditioned as prescribed inSe
22、ction 4, and tested under the same conditions.8.2 For all thicknesses of mica paper, the specimen shall be a single sheet.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the thickness in accordance with Test Methods D374. The preferred method shall be Method D with a drop rateof 1264 mil/s and a dwell time of 361 s for t
23、hickness of 0.002 to 0.006 in. and 662 s for + 0.006 in. Method C ofTest MethodsD374 is an acceptable alternative.9.2 Take at least five measurements of thickness at regular intervals across the entire width of each specimen, preferably in aline that is at right angles to the machine direction.10. R
24、eport10.1 Report in accordance with Test Methods D202 and include:10.1.1 Average, minimum, and maximum thickness.WEIGHT11. Procedure11.1 Determine the weight in accordance with Test Method D646, except sample the material in accordance with Section 3,condition as prescribed in Section 4, and test un
25、der the same conditions. Report the results as weight in grams per square metre.APPARENT DENSITY12. Procedure12.1 Determine the apparent density from the thickness (Sections 8 10), and the weight (Section 11). Make the thickness andweight determinations on the same sample. Calculate the apparent den
26、sity as follows:D1677 172D 5A/B (1)where:A = basis weight, kg/m2,B = thickness, m, andD = apparent density, g/cm3.TENSILE STRENGTH13. Significance and Use13.1 The results of the test are suitable for acceptance and product control. They are also a means of measuring the ability ofmica paper to withs
27、tand the tensile stresses encountered in application processes.14. Procedure14.1 Determine the tensile strength in accordance with Test Methods D202, except for specimen width and test span. Samplethe material in accordance with Section 3 and condition in accordance with Section 4 and test under the
28、 same conditions. Thespecimen shall be 1 to 3 in. (25 to 77 mm) wide. The distance between the jaws shall be 5 in. (127 mm).NOTE 1If excessive fractures occur in or at the edge of either jaw, use a cushion of soft kraft paper or other material may be used between the jawsof the clamps and the specim
29、en.15. Report15.1 Report the following information:15.1.1 The thickness of test specimen, and15.1.2 The average, minimum and maximum tensile strength in pounds-force per inch of width (or newtons per metre of width).DIELECTRIC STRENGTH16. Nomenclature16.1 dielectric strengthRefer to Terminology D171
30、1.17. Significance and Use17.1 For mica paper to be used in the untreated state, this test gives some indication of the electrical strength. For mica paperto be subsequently treated, this test has value as a quality control test.18. Procedure18.1 Determine the dielectric strength in accordance with
31、Test Method D149, except sample the material in accordance withSection 3 and condition in accordance with Section 4, and test under the same conditions. Make tests in air using 2-in. (50.8-mm)electrodes and the short-time (continuous-rise) method. Determine the average dielectric strength on the bas
32、is of ten dielectricbreakdowns.19. Report19.1 Report the following information:19.1.1 Average thickness of the specimen,19.1.2 Average, high, and low breakdown voltage, and19.1.3 Average dielectric strength in volts per mil (or kilovolts per millimetre).IMPREGNATION TIME20. Definition20.1 impregnati
33、on time, nof paper, the time in seconds required for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity to penetratecompletely from one face of a sheet of paper to the other, under certain prescribed conditions.21. Significance and Use21.1 Impregnation time influences the speed and quality of resin imp
34、regnation of the mica paper.22. Test Specimens22.1 Take test specimens from the original samples obtained in accordance with Section 3 and conditioned as prescribed inSection 4, and test under the same conditions. Test specimens shall be 3 in. (76 mm) square.D1677 17323. Procedure23.1 Determine the
35、impregnation time in accordance with Impregnation Time of Test Methods D202, except as follows:23.1.1 Use a test solution that is approximately 60 parts castor oil and 40 parts toluene, adjusted to a specific gravity of 0.9176 0.001 at 77F (25C).NOTE 2Use cold pressed castor oil (USP Grade No. 1).23
36、.1.2 Insert a glass plate between the mica paper and the paper clamp.23.1.3 The end point is that time at which the paper is completely penetrated at a uniform rate of wet out. Particles which requiresubstantially longer to wet out will not influence the determination. Make sure that the penetrated
37、area is 95 to 100 % of the surface.This will vary with the type of mica paper. First make trial tests observing the characteristics of the end point.24. Report24.1 Report the following information:24.1.1 Thickness of the specimen, and24.1.2 Average of five readings.ROLL QUALITY25. Report25.1 Mica pa
38、per is chiefly supplied in continuous lengths in roll form. Because roll quality determines handling properties ofthe mica paper when it is unwound on combining or impregnating equipment, the following conditions shall be observed andreported if they are found to occur in the roll, and to what degre
39、e:25.1.1 Sticking of layers to each other,25.1.2 Loose mica platelets,25.1.3 Delamination, separation, or cracking of the mica paper (that is, examine the mica paper for delamination, separation,or cracking when it is unwound and bent back on itself (reverse direction) over a 3-in. diameter mandrel
40、and when it is cut acrossfull width of the roll),25.1.4 Uneven winding tension, loosely wound ends, bagging,25.1.5 Telescoping or coning, indexing of edges,25.1.6 Position of the center of the mica paper with respect to the center of the core on which the mica paper is wound (thatis, does the center
41、 of the mica paper coincide with the center of the core or is it offset),25.1.7 Shape of roll, for example, degrees of roundness,25.1.8 Crushed roll ends which cause tearing when the material is unrolled,25.1.9 Nonlinear edges in which the edge follows a long sine wave, and25.1.10 Any other unusual
42、conditions.MOISTURE CONTENT26. Significance and Use26.1 Excessive moisture content will cause raw mica paper to weaken significantly with lengthwise or crosswise tearing, orboth, resulting when it is unwound. It may has the potential to also cause polar impregnants, or impregnants that are dissolved
43、 inpolar solvents, to impregnate to a higher degree, or at a faster rate, or both, than is desired. It may has the potential to alsocontribute to blistering of the mica paper when these impregnants are dried with heat. It may, has the potential, in addition, to causecontiguous layers of raw mica pap
44、er in the roll to stick to each other, making unwinding difficult or impossible. Excessive moisturewill also weaken and soften the cardboard core upon which the mica paper is customarily rolled. Low-moisture contents aregenerally not as deleterious in effect, although they can conceivably cause exce
45、ssive stiffness in thick mica papers.27. Procedure27.1 Determine the moisture content in accordance with Test Method D644, except sample the material in accordance withSection 3. The samples should not be preconditioned.Do not precondition the samples.28. Report28.1 Report the average, minimum, and
46、maximum moisture content for all samples tested.WEIGHT VARIABILITY29. Significance and Use29.1 The degree of variability of basis weight (mass per unit area) from point to point on a sheet has an effect on the physicaland electrical properties of which the sheet is a component.D1677 17429.2 In gener
47、al the variability is greater across the width of the sheet than along its length. For this reason, specimens for thedetermination of weight variability must represent the entire width of the material being sampled.30. Procedure30.1 Sample in accordance with Section 3. The sample must represent the
48、entire width of the sheet being evaluated.30.2 Carefully cut ten specimens (see 3.3). The specimens may be are either circular or rectangular, and they shall be as nearlyidentical in size as possible. The area of each specimen shall be between 10 and 20 in.2 (0.0065 and 0.0130 mm2), and shall beknow
49、n for each specimen within 60.5 %.30.3 Space the specimens uniformly across the width of the sample. If the sample is not of sufficient width to permit spacingacross, cut two or more rows of specimens may be cut.specimens.30.4 Weigh each specimen to the nearest 0.1 mg.31. Report31.1 Report the following information:31.1.1 Identification of the sample,31.1.2 Area of each specimen, or, if the range of areas between the smallest and largest specimen differs by less than 1 %,31.1.3 Basis weight in grams per square metre for each specimen,31.1.4 Average basis
