1、Designation: D1711 14aD1711 15Standard Terminology Relating toElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1711; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis terminology is used in connection with testing and specifying solid electrical insulatingmaterials. Modifications to this terminology, reflec
3、ting common usage, may appear in particular testmethods, material specifications, practices, or other standards. Included herein are terms pertinent togeneral applications, electrical insulating papers, mica, mica processing, processed mica forms,hookup wire insulation, and partial discharge (corona
4、).1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical andelectronic insulating materials.1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 andthrough D0
5、9 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulatingmaterials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directlyassociated with a specific standard under the jurisd
6、iction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction ofCommittee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originatin
7、g technical subcommittees, withthe exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a termin that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical additionof a
8、 reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to thiscompilation.1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction ofCommittee D09, or which originated in a
9、 standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriatelyballoted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.1.5 It is not intended that this terminology standard i
10、nclude symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to includeacronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under thejurisdiction of Committee D09 are to
11、be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and thecorresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technicalsubcommittees.1.7 Each definition in this terminology standard shall be accompanied by the year
12、 in which it was first incorporated into thestandard, placed at the end in parentheses. All discussions shall also carry a date; it is possible that the discussion date is differentfrom the definition date.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electroni
13、c Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.94 on Editorial.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2014November 2015. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD1711 14.D1711 14a. DOI: 10.1520/D1711-14A.10.1520
14、/D1711-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult
15、 prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials atCommercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
17、of Solid Electrical InsulationD470 Test Methods for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and CableD3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials UsingImpulse WavesD3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Ele
18、ctrical Insulating Materials2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ASQC A2-19873GB/T 26667 Terminology for Electromagnetic Shielding Materials3. Terminologyabsorbing material, nmaterial capable of absorbing energy from an electromagnetic wave.4 (2014)acceptable quality level (AQL), nthe maximum percent nonconform
19、ing which, for purposes of sampling inspection, isconsidered satisfactory as a process average. (2011) D3636acceptance number, nthe maximum allowable number of nonconformities for a given AQL and sample size (lot-samplesize). (2011) D3636aging (act of), nexposure of material to air or oil at a tempe
20、rature and time as specified in the relevant material specificationfor that material. (2013) D470air chain, nin mica, a series of air inclusions in the form of a chain or streak. (2011)arc propagation, nthe movement of an electric arc from its point of inception to another location. (1996) D3032arc
21、tracking, nthe process producing tracks when arcs occur on or close to the insulation surface. (2011)Arrhenius plot, na graph of the logarithm of thermal life as a function of the reciprocal of absolute temperature. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis is normally depicted as the best straight line fit, determined
22、by least squares, of end points obtained at aging temperatures. It is important thatthe slope, which is the activation energy of the degradation reaction, be approximately constant within the selected temperature range to ensure a validextrapolation. (2011) D2304ash content of paper, nthe solid resi
23、due remaining after combustion of the paper under specified conditions, expressed as apercentage of the dry mass of the original paper. (1996) D202average discharge (corona) current (It),nthe sum of the absolute magnitudes of the individual discharges during a certain timeinterval divided by that ti
24、me interval. (2011)DISCUSSIONWhen the discharges are measured in coulombs and the time interval in seconds, the calculated current will be in amperes. (2011)It 5(t0t1Q11Q21222222Qnt12t0 (1)where:It = average current, A,t0 = starting time, s,t1 = completion time, s, andQ1, Q2, Qn = partial discharge
25、quantity in a corona pulse 1 through n, C.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Am
26、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 This term is defined in a way similar to the way it appears in the GB/T 26667 standard entitled, “Terminology for Electromagnetic Shielding Materials.”D1711 152D1868binder tapesee core wra
27、p (binder tape).bond strength, na measure of the force required to separate surfaces which have been bonded together. (1996)D2519, D3145, D4882braid, n(1) woven metallic wire used as a shield for insulated conductors and cables.(2) A woven fibrous protective outer covering over an insulated conducto
28、r or cable. (2011)breakdown voltagesee dielectric breakdown voltage.bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of a circular area of the material underspecified test conditions. (1996) D202cable wrap, npaper used for mechanical protection or for space-filling (
29、rather than as electrical insulation) in low-voltage cableswith nonmetallic sheaths. (2011)capacitance, C,nthat property of a system of conductors and dielectrics which permits the storage of electrically separatedcharges when potential differences exist between the conductors. (2011)DISCUSSIONCapac
30、itance is the ratio of a quantity, q, of electricity to a potential difference, V. A capacitance value is always positive. The units are farads whenthe charge is expressed in coulombs and the potential in volts (2011):C 5q/V (2)D150capacitor tissue, nvery thin (5 to 50 m) pure, nonporous paper used
31、as the dielectric in capacitors, usually in conjunction withan insulating liquid. (2011)coating powder, na heat-fusible, finely-divided solid resinous material used to form electrical insulating coatings. (1996) D2967,D3214concentricity, nthe ratio, expressed in percent, of the minimum wall thicknes
32、s to the maximum wall thickness. (2011) D2671concentric-lay conductor, na conductor composed of a central core surrounded by one or more layers of helically laidstrands. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn the most common type of concentric-lay conductor, all strands are of the same size and the central core is a si
33、ngle strand. (2011)conductance, insulation, nthe ratio of the total volume and surface current between two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to thedc voltage applied to the two electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONInsulation conductance is the reciprocal of insulation resistance. (2011) D257conductance, surfa
34、ce, nthe ratio of the current between two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc voltage appliedto the electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSION(Some volume conductance is unavoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface conductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance. (2011)D257conducta
35、nce, volume, nthe ratio of the current in the volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the specimen) tothe dc voltage applied to the two electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductance is the reciprocal of volume resistance. (2011) D257D1711 153conducting material (conductor), na materia
36、l within which an electric current is produced by application of a voltage betweenpoints on, or within, the material. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe term “conducting material” is usually applied only to those materials in which a relatively small potential difference results in a relatively largecurrent since
37、all materials appear to permit some conduction current. Metals and strong electrolytes are examples of conducting materials. (2011)D4470conductive fiber, nfiber which is a conductive material or is otherwise made conductive on the surface.4 (2014)conductive gasket, nconductive material used at a joi
38、nt to ensure effective conductive contact.4 (2014)conductivity, surface, nthe surface conductance multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (distance betweenelectrodes divided by the width of electrodes defining the current path) which transforms the measured conductance to thatobtaine
39、d if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a square. (2011)DISCUSSIONSurface conductivity is expressed in siemens. It is popularly expressed as siemens/square (the size of the square is immaterial). Surface conductivityis the reciprocal of surface resistivity. (2011) D257conductivity, volu
40、me, nthe volume conductance multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions (distance betweenelectrodes divided by the cross-sectional area of the electrodes) which transforms the measured conductance to that conductanceobtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.
41、(2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductivity is usually expressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the reciprocal of volume resistivity. (2011) D257conductor, na wire, or combination of wires not insulated from each other, suitable for carrying electric current. (1996) D1676continuous partial
42、 discharges (continuous corona), ndischarges that recur at rather regular intervals; for example onapproximately every cycle of an alternating voltage or at least once per minute for an applied direct voltage. (2011) D1868core wrap (binder tape), npaper used to wrap groups of insulated wire into cab
43、le configuration prior to sheathing. (2011)DISCUSSIONUsually, this term is applied to telephone communication cables in which core wrap is not regularly subjected to voltage stress, but may be exposedto surges from lightning strokes or other accidental events. (2011)corona, nvisible partial discharg
44、es in gases adjacent to a conductor. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis term has also been used to refer to partial discharges in general. (2011) D1868critical property, na quantitatively measurable characteristic which is absolutely necessary to be met if a material or productis to provide satisfactory performan
45、ce for the intended use. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn some situations, specification requirements coincide with customer usage requirements. In other situations, they may not coincide, being either moreor less stringent. More stringent sampling (for example, smaller AQL values) is usually used for measurement
46、 of characteristics which are consideredcritical. The selection of sampling plans is independent of whether the term defect or nonconformity is appropriate. (2011) D3636cross grains or reeves, nin mica, tangled laminations causing imperfect cleavage. (2011)crude micamica as mined; crude crystals wit
47、h dirt and rock adhering. (2011)crystallographic discoloration, nin mica, discoloration appearing as bands of lighter or darker shades of basic color of a blockof mica. (1996)D1711 154DISCUSSIONSuch bands are generally parallel to the crystallographic faces of the crystal from which the block was se
48、parated. (2011)defect, na departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level, or state, that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause anassociated product or service not to satisfy intended normal, or reasonably foreseeable, usage requirements. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe terms “defect” and “no
49、nconformity” and their derivatives are used somewhat interchangeably in the historical and current literature.Nonconformity objectively describes the comparison of test results to specification requirements, while the term defect has a connotation of predictingthe failure of a product or service to perform its intended function in use. Since this latter connotation is often unintended, the term nonconformityis preferred in full consensus standards. The selection of any sample plan is independent of whether the term defec
