1、Designation: D1782 95 (Reapproved 2009)D1782 17Standard Test Methods forOperating Performance of Particulate Cation-ExchangeMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating capacity of particulate cation-excha
3、nge materials when usedfor the removal of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions from water. It is intended for use in testing both new and used materials.The following two test methods are included:SectionsTest Method ASodium Cycle 8 to 14Test Method BHydrogen Cycle 15 to 21SectionsTest Method ASodium
4、 Cycle 8 to 14Test Method BHydrogen Cycle 15 to 211.2 The values givenstated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units values given in parentheses arefor information only.mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not consid
5、eredstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory l
6、imitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization
7、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exch
8、ange Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D11293.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these standards, refer to Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Certain terms in these te
9、st methods standards that relate specifically to ion exchange are defined as follows:3.2.2 free mineral aciditythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react with hydroxyl ions to pH 4.3.3.2.3 hydrogen cyclethe operation of a cation-exchange cycle wherein the removal of specified cations from i
10、nfluent wateris accomplished by exchange with an equivalent amount of hydrogen ion from the exchange material.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition
11、 approved May 1, 2009Aug. 1, 2017. Published June 2009August 2017. Originally approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 20072009 asD1782 95 (2007).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D1782-95R09.10.1520/D1782-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer
12、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pre
13、vious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM I
14、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 theoretical free mineral aciditythe free mineral acidity that would result from the conversion of the anions of strongacids in solution to their respective free acids.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1
15、 Test Method A consists of repeated cycles of backwash, brine regeneration, rinse, and exhaustion of the sample in the formof a bed in a transparent column. The exhausting medium used is an ion-exchange test water.4.2 Test Method B consists of repeated cycles of backwash, acid regeneration, rinse, a
16、nd exhaustion of the sample in the formof a bed in a transparent column. The exhausting medium used is an ion-exchange test water.5. Apparatus5.1 Test Assemble (see Fig. 1), consisting of the following:5.1.1 Column, transparent, vertically supported, 25.4 6 2.5 mm (1.0 6 0.1 in.) in inside diameter
17、and approximately 1500 mm(60 in.) long. The bottom of the column shall be closed and provided with an outlet of approximately 6-mm inside diameter.Connections shall be provided at top and bottom for admission and removal of solutions as described in Section 10. Adequatemeans for measuring and regula
18、ting flow shall be provided. Calibrate the column in such a manner that the volume readingsrequired by the test method can be made. Make all measurements at 25 6 5C.5.1.2 Support, for the sample, so designed that the distance from the sample to the column outlet is at least 50 mm.Asuggestedsupportin
19、g bed utilizes quartz, glass beads, or other material 1.5 to 3.5 mm in diameter, insoluble in the reagents used, and retainedon a corrosion-resistant screen. However, other supports such as fritted glass or polyester screens may be used at the discretionof the interested parties.6. Reagents6.1 Purit
20、y of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, whereFIG. 1 Typical Arrangement of Apparatus for Performance Test
21、ing of Ion-Exchange MaterialsD1782 172such specifications are available.3 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.6.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, ref
22、erences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water, Type IV,conforming to Specification D1193.7. Sampling7.1 To obtain a representative sample of particulate ion-exchange material, either from a shipment of new product in themanufacturers original packages or from a bed of used material, ref
23、er to Practices D2687.7.2 Transfer the laboratory sample to a 2-L beaker and add enough water to bring the water level up to that of the ion-exchangematerial and soak for 1 h (see Note 1). Mix the sample thoroughly and transfer a sufficient representative portion to fill a 400-mLbeaker. Use this por
24、tion of sample in the procedure.NOTE 1Where new materials are shipped dry, follow the manufacturers instructions for preconditioning.TEST METHOD ASODIUM CYCLE8. Scope8.1 This test method is designed to simulate operating conditions on a sodium cycle used for the removal of calcium andmagnesium and o
25、ther divalent ions from water.8. Scope8.1 This test method is designed to simulate operating conditions on a sodium cycle used for the removal of calcium andmagnesium and other divalent ions from water.9. Significance and Use9.1 Cation exchange materials are frequently used in the sodium form to exc
26、hange divalent and trivalent ions in the influentwater for sodium ions on the resin sites. This process is commonly referred to as softening water since it removes those ions thatform a “hard” curd of insoluble salts with the fatty acids used in some soaps and that also precipitate when water is boi
27、led. In sucha process, sodium chloride is used as the regenerant to return the cation-exchanging groups to the sodium form.9.2 This test method is intended to simulate the performance of such materials in actual usage. It may be used either to comparethe performance of new materials or to compare th
28、e performance of a material that has been used with its original performance.9.3 Regenerant concentrations and dosages used herein are typical for the types of materials used in this application. If differentconcentrations or amounts of regenerant are agreed upon by parties using this test method, t
29、his fact should be stated when theresults are reported. Similarly, the test water specified is the agreed upon standard.Where other test waters or the water to be treatedare used in the test, the analysis of the water in terms of total solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, other di- or trivalent metal
30、sas well as the major anions present should be reported with the test results.10. Reagents and Materials10.1 Brine Regenerants:10.1.1 For synthetic organic ion-exchange materials:10.1.1.1 Sodium Chloride (100 g/L)Sodium ChlorideDissolve (100 g/L)Dissolve enough sodium chloride (NaCl) in waterto make
31、 a solution containing in each litre 100.0 g of NaCl.10.1.2 For all other ion-exchange materials:10.1.2.1 Sodium Chloride (50 g/L)Sodium ChlorideDissolve (50 g/L)Dissolve enough NaCl in water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 50.0 g of NaCl.10.2 Cation-Exchange Test Water A (10 meq/L)Dissol
32、ve enough calcium chloride (CaCl22H2O) and magnesium sulfate(MgSO47H2O) in water to make a solution containing, in each litre, 0.49 g of CaCl22H2O and 0.415 g of MgSO47H2O. Adjustthe pH to 7.5 by the addition of Na2CO3 (30 g/L) and determine the hardness of the solution in accordance with Test Metho
33、dD1126. The hardness of the test water will be 10.0 6 0.5 meq/L. Use the determined hardness in calculating operating capacityas indicated in 12.1. This test water shall be used for all tests.10.3 Hardness Test ReagentsFor reagents used in determining hardness, refer to Test Method D1126. This reage
34、nt is used onlyin preparation of test water (see 10.2).10.4 Sodium Carbonate Solution (30 g/L)Dissolve 30 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in water and dilute to 1 L.3 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications Specifications, , American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestio
35、ns on the testing of reagentsnot listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia andNational Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.D1782 17311. Procedure11.1 Adju
36、st the temperature of the water and all solutions to be used in this procedure to 2565C and maintain this temperaturethroughout the test.11.2 Fill the column approximately half full of water and add sufficient sample to give a bed height of 750 6 75 mm abovethe top of the support. To avoid drying ou
37、t of the ion-exchange material, maintain a layer of liquid at least 20 to 30 mm deep abovethe top of the bed at all times during the procedure.11.3 Backwash with water for 10 min using a flow rate that will maintain a 50 % expansion of the bed. If the supernatant liquidis clear at this point, procee
38、d to 11.4. If the liquid is cloudy (indicating the presence of light, insoluble, extraneous material), adjustthe backwash outlet tube to a height above the bed equal to 75 % of the bed height. Continue backwashing at the same rate untilthe effluent is clear.11.4 Allow the bed to settle and then drai
39、n at a rate of approximately 100 mL/min until the water level is 20 to 30 mm abovethe top of the bed. Do not jar. Record the volume, in millilitres, of ion-exchange material. Repeat the 10-min backwash until twosuccessive readings of volume agree within 5 mL. The average of these two readings shall
40、be the sample volume for new materialsshipped in the sodium form.11.5 Exhaust the ion exchanger with cation-exchange test waterAat a flow rate of 0.33 mL/min/mL of exchanger, as measuredin 11.4. Maintain a head of liquid not less than 50 mm above the top of the bed. Continue the run until the efflue
41、nt shows 0.2 meq/L(or other agreed-upon hardness level) when tested in accordance with Test Method D1126. Record the volume of test water used.11.6 Repeat the 10-min backwash and drain as described in 11.3 and 11.4. When testing new material shipped in the sodiumform, only one backwash is necessary
42、at this point because a determination of volume has already been made. However, usedmaterial other than in the sodium form must have a volume determination made here as described in 11.4. Use this sample volumedetermined on the exhausted material in calculating the capacity of used ion-exchange mate
43、rials.11.7 Determine the amount of brine regenerant and rate required, from Table 1. For use with Table 1, the volume sample fornew material shall be that determined in accordance with 11.4 and for used material shall be that determined in accordance with11.6.11.8 Pass the specified volume of brine
44、regenerant through the bed at the specified rate until only a 20 to 30-mm layer of liquidremains above the bed. Rinse the bed with water, using the same rate, until one bed-volume of liquid has been displaced. Increasethe rinse rate to approximately 100 mL/min. Test for hardness at 3-min intervals b
45、y adding 0.5 mL of buffer solution to 50 mLof the effluent followed by three drops of hardness indicator and 0.5 mLof sodium ethylendiamine tetraacetate solution (1 mL = 1.0mg CaCO3), with stirring. If a blue color develops, the effluent contains 0.2 meq/L or less hardness and the rinse is completed
46、.If the color is red, the end point has not been reached. Continue the rinse until the effluent shows 0.2 meq/L or less hardness.11.9 Repeat the service run described in 11.5.11.10 Repeat the cycle, beginning with a single backwash (see 11.6), omitting the determination of bed volume. Continue witha
47、 regeneration and rinse (see 11.8), and end with a service run (see 11.5). Repeat the cycle until each of three successive runs agreeswithin 65 % of their average capacity as calculated in accordance with Section 12.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the operating capacity, in milliequivalents per millil
48、itre, of the ion exchange material as as:capacity,meq/mL5A 3B!/Swhere:A = hardness of test water, meq/L,B = volume of test water used in service run, L, andS = volume of sample in the bed, mL. For new materials, this refers to the average volume of the material in the sodium formas determined in 11.
49、4. For used materials, it is the average volume of the material in the exhausted form as determined in11.6.capacity,meq/mL5A 3B!/STABLE 1 Amount of Brine Regenerant Required for Use in Test Method AType of ExchangeMaterialBrine Regenerant,g/LRate of Flow, mLbrine/min/mL of ExchangerContact Time,minRegenerationLevelg/L mL brine/min/mL of Exchanger min lb/ft3 g/LSynthetic organic 100 0.032 30 6.00 96.1Greensand 50 0.027 15 1.25 20.0Synthetic siliceous 50 0.080 20 3.00 80.1Carbonaceous 50 0.067 15 3.15 50.5D1782 174where:A = hardness of test water, me
