1、Designation: D187 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forBurning Quality of Kerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination ofthe
3、burning properties of kerosine to be used for illuminatingpurposes. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 1The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tenden-cies of the kerosine, whereas Test Method D187 features a
4、 qualitativeperformance evaluation of the kerosine. Both test methods subject thekerosine to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would beexperienced in typical designated applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are includ
5、ed in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
6、use. Specific warningstatements appear throughout the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sa
7、mpling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 10 Determination of kerosine burning characteristics - 24hour method2.3 Other Document:4Formulas for Denatured Alcohol and Rum Treasury Dept.,U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Publi-cation No. 3683. Summary of T
8、est Method3.1 The kerosine sample is burned for 16 h in a specifiedlamp under specified conditions. The average rate of burning,the change in the shape of the flame, and the density and colorof the chimney deposit are reported.4. Significance and Use4.1 Since the information provided by this test me
9、thod islargely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering thefollowing characteristics are required in referring to this testmethod in specifications for kerosine:4.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if nototherwise specified;4.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensionsduri
10、ng the test;4.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chim-ney deposit.5. Apparatus5.1 Lamp Assembly,5conforming essentially to the shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1. It is essential to ensure that theburner fits vertically into the oil reservoir and that the wick-guide has parallel si
11、des and is centrally disposed in relation tothe slot in the dome of the burner. Any distortion of thewick-guide or dome will hinder attainment of the prescribedflame shape and render subsequent qualitative ratings unreli-able.5.2 Wick,519-mm paraffin flat, super quality, containingapproximately 43 e
12、nds of three-ply yarn, woven double plain1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Pu
13、blished August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D18708. DOI:10.1520/D0187-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, re
14、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop IDCC, Washington, DC
15、20401,http:/www.gpo.gov/fdsys.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Stanhope-Seta Limited, Park Close, Englefield Green, Egham, Surrey, EnglandTW20 OXD. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headqua
16、rters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1weave with stitching ends, one blue stripe on one face and
17、 onegreen stripe on the reverse face, woven with approximately 16picks per 10 mm, and weighing normally 15 g/m. Afterweaving, the wick shall be boiled in distilled water and driedthoroughly.5.2.1 The wick shall then be made into rolls and left forseven days before it is cut into 200-mm lengths. The
18、lengthsshall then be packed into suitable containers. The ash of thewick shall not exceed 0.4 weight %.5.3 Sight Gage5A suitable flame-size measuring device,accurate to 1 mm. The sight gage shown in Fig. 2 issatisfactory.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Formula 3A Denatured EthanolSee Formulas forDenatu
19、red Alcohol and Rum.6.2 Hydrochloric Acid, Dilute (approximately 6 N).6.3 KerosineSee Specification D3699.6.4 Precipitation NaphthaSee Reagent section in TestMethod D91.7. Hazards7.1 Specific Safety Hazards:7.1.1 Formula 3A Denatured Ethanol(WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic.)7.1.2
20、Hydrochloric AcidDilute 6 N.(WarningCausesburns. Vapor harmful.)7.1.3 Kerosine(WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)7.1.4 Precipitation Naphtha(WarningExtremely flam-mable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.)7.2 Technical Precautions:7.2.1 Test RoomIt is desirable to dedicate a suitable
21、roomfor the exclusive conduct of kerosine burning tests. However,kerosine burning tests can be conducted in any part of a roomthat is adequately ventilated and reasonably free of drafts.When necessary, the test lamp should be surrounded with asuitable circular shield to protect from drafts. The circ
22、ularshield is to be constructed of draft-proof material of about 600mm diameter and height.7.2.2 Lamp LocationPlace the test lamps at least 300 mmapart and 300 mm from any wall or other obstruction.7.2.3 Test TemperatureMaintain test room temperatureabove 15C and allow the temperature of the kerosin
23、e toapproach equilibrium room temperature within at least 5C.8. Sampling8.1 The fundamental objective of sampling is to obtain asample for testing purposes that is truly representative of theentire quantity of a given bulk product tank, batch, shipment,and so forth, at the time and place of sampling
24、.8.2 Thus, the sampling procedures employed are to ensureinitial procurement of a representative sample and also pre-clude subsequent contamination or deterioration of the sampleNOTE 1All dimensions shown are in millimetres. Except whereotherwise indicated, the tolerance for chimney dimensions is 61
25、 mm.FIG. 1 Test LampFIG. 2 Sight GageD187 08 (2013)2during handling prior to testing. To this end, kerosine samplesfor burning quality testing are to be obtained and handled instrict accordance with Practices D4057 and D4177. Rigorouscompliance with stipulated provisions for precautions, care,and cl
26、eanliness during sample handling is an essential require-ment.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Drain the lamp reservoir completely of any previouskerosine sample (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful),and rinse successively several times with a small portion of thekerosine sample to be tested.9.2 Clean t
27、he lamp burner thoroughly with ASTM precipi-tation naphtha solvent (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled: vapors may cause flash fire), removingcompletely any deposits from the wick-guide, air holes, andducts.9.3 Soak the new chimneys for 24 h in dilute HCl(WarningCauses burns. Vapor harmfu
28、l) (approximately6 N), clean with a test tube brush, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water, and dry completely. Then subject the preparednew chimneys to at least three preliminary 16-h burningperiods. Clean chimneys with detergent and hot water, rinsethoroughly with distilled water, and completely dr
29、y betweeneach preliminary burning period. New chimneys are satisfac-tory for use only if the last of the preliminary burning periodsresults in deposits essentially similar to those obtained whenburning the same kerosine for 16 h with seasoned chimneys.Continue preliminary 16-h burning periods and cl
30、eanings untilseasoned chimney performance is achieved.9.4 Place several wicks into an insulated Soxhlet extractionapparatus in such a manner as to prevent distortion and extractwith boiling water (WarningAvoid skin contact with ex-posed hot surfaces by use of protective equipment) for 3 h fromthe en
31、d of the first siphoning cycle. Remove the wicks from theSoxhlet extraction apparatus, lay flat between sheets of filterpaper, and press gently to remove excess moisture. Extract thewick with Formula 3A denatured ethanol (WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic) for 3 h inan uninsulated S
32、oxhlet extraction apparatus, drain the ethanolas completely as possible from the Soxhlet extractor andcontinue the extraction with ASTM precipitation naphtha(WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vaporsmay cause flash fire) for 1 h.10. Procedure10.1 Dry the wick in an oven (WarningAvoid sk
33、incontact with exposed hot surfaces by use of protective equip-ment) at 105C for 1 h. While still hot, soak the wick in thesample and insert the wick into the wick guide. Rinse thereservoir several times with the sample. Filter the samplethrough a coarse-textured filter paper, to remove suspendedmat
34、ter and pour 900 mL into the reservoir and assemble thelamp.10.2 Hinge back the dome and chimney, and trim the wickcarefully with sharp scissors to produce a smooth and sym-metrical flame of the standard dimensions shown in Fig. 3.10.3 Trim the wick as follows: With sharp scissors cut thewick level
35、with the wick guide, raise the wick, and cut atriangular portion from each corner as illustrated in Fig. 4.Round off very slightly the sharp corners produced. Removeany ragged projections by slight beveling of the top edges asillustrated in Fig. 5. Be careful not to compress or squeeze thewick with
36、the fingers. Trimming should produce a smooth,symmetrical flame, free of peaks or ears. Check this by lightingthe lamp from time to time and inspecting the flame during thetrimming operation.10.4 After the wick is trimmed to yield a flame of standardshape and dimensions, allow the lamp to burn for 0
37、.5 h,extinguish; and trim again, removing any uneven points andcharred fiber. Relight the lamp and again check the shape anddimensions of the flame. Extinguish the flame, allow thechimney to cool, wash it with hot water, and dry with a cleanlint-free cloth.10.5 After the wick has been trimmed and th
38、e chimneywashed, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h and readjust the flameto the standard dimensions. At the end of this period weigh thelamp, while burning, to the nearest 1 g on a platform balance.Weigh again after 1 h. If the rate of sample consumption differsfrom 22 6 4 g/h, check the flame dimens
39、ions and wickcondition for further trimming. Normally, the measurement ofsample consumption is needed only as a check on standardburning conditions, since with the specified flame size andshape, the initial rate of sample consumption will always bewithin these limits.NOTE 1All dimensions shown are i
40、n millimetres.FIG. 3 Standard Dimensions for Shape and Size of FlameNOTE 1All dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 4 Wick Trimming. Front View of WickD187 08 (2013)310.6 Allow the sample to burn continuously without furtheradjustment of any kind for the duration of the test, which shallbe 16 h (
41、or other specified period) of continuous burning afterthe first weighing. At the end of this period reweigh to thenearest 1 g and record any changes in height, width, or shapeof the flame to the nearest 1mm.10.7 Examine the density and color of the chimney deposit.11. Report11.1 The report shall inc
42、lude the following:11.1.1 Average burning rate of the sample to the nearest1 g/h.11.1.2 Initial dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.3 Final dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.4 Density of the chimney deposit (none, light, medium,or heavy) and its color (none, white, yellow
43、, or brown).12. Precision and Bias612.1 The precision of the test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two testresults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditio
44、ns on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:Measurement RepeatabilityFlame height, mm (36.2/X)3Flame width, mm (37.8/X)3Burning rate, g/h (26.5/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposi
45、t densityany differenceany differencewhere:X= average of two test results12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct opera
46、tion of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:Measurement ReproducibilityFlame height, mm (42.7/X)3Flame width, mm (45.2/X)3Burning rate, g/h (36.2/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityone categoryone categorywhere:X= average of two test results12.2 BiasA pr
47、ogram to obtain additional data for preci-sion and bias is under discussion. When developed, theadditional data will be included.13. Keywords13.1 burning quality; kerosineASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedi
48、n this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and mu
49、st be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted
