1、Designation: D 1871 04Standard Test Method forAdhesion Between Tire Bead Wire and Rubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover procedures for testing thestrength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanizedrubber compounds. The method app
3、lies to, but is not limited to,wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. Theadhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-outforce for the single filament of wire.1.2 This test method is applicable to single-filament wiresused in reinforced rubber products as single fila
4、ments and isnormally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of wire to astandard rubber applied under specified conditions. It is prima-rily used to evaluate tire bead wire and may be applied, withmodifications and by agreement between supplier and cus-tomer, to various wire types used in rubber p
5、roduct reinforcing.1.3 This test method is written in SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applic
6、a-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles
7、D 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD 4392 Terminology for Statistically Related Terms2D 6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire,Hose Reinforcing Wire, and FabricsE 456 Terminology Relating to
8、Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D 64773.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:adhesion, curing, holland cloth, hose reinforcing wire, millgrain
9、, rubber, rubber compound, as used in the manufacture ofrubber articles, tire bead, tire bead wire, and vulcanization.3.1.2 For definitions of terms relating to rubber, refer toTerminology D 15663.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to testing and statis-tical concepts, refer to Terminology D 4392
10、 or E 456.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The wires are vulcanized into a block or pad of rubberand the force necessary to pull the wires out of the rubber ismeasured. The direction of pull-out is axial, that is, along
11、 thewire.5. Significance and Use5.1 To contribute to the mechanical properties required in aproduct, tire bead wire must have good adhesion to the rubbermatrix. This allows the rubber to absorb part of the energy,distributing it uniformly between the reinforcing material andthe rubber compound. This
12、 test method is considered satisfac-tory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wiresince it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.This test method may be used for purchase specificationrequirements or manufacturing control of bead wire.5.1.1 If there are differences of
13、practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that areas homogeneous as possible, tha
14、t are drawn from the materialfrom which the disparate test results were obtained, and thatare randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. Other materials with established test values may beused for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using
15、 a statistical test for unpaired data, ata probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.1Thistest method is under the jurisdiction of A
16、STM Committee D13 on Textilesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabric.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published Octber 2004. Originallypublished as D 1871 61 T. Last previous edition D 1871 02.2Discontinued 1993See 1992 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vo
17、l 07.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 The characteristics of single filament steel wires thataffect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coating com-position, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age, a
18、ndvulcanization conditions of the rubber compound will affect thetest results and must be specified by the supplier of the rubbercompound.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Mold,3designed as shown in Fig. 1 for a 12.5-mm thickblock of rubber, 200 mm long, and 50 mm wide, with 15beveled slots across the w
19、idth of the mold spaced 12.5 mmapart at the middle of the mold thickness, and with top andbottom plates for the mold. If more than five wires break whentesting with the standard mold, the purchaser and the suppliermay agree to use a mold cavity that is less than 50 mm wide.6.2 Tensile Testing Machin
20、e, CRE (Constant-Rate-of-Extension) type, of such capacity of the load cell in use that themaximum force required to pull out the wires shall not exceed85 % nor be less than 15 % of the rated capacity. The rate oftravel of the power actuated grip shall be 50 6 5 mm/min, orup to 1506 15 mm/min by agr
21、eement between the purchaserand the seller. The specifications and methods of calibrationand verification shall conform to Specification D 76.6.3 Top Grip,3designed as shown in Fig. 2 shall be a specialholder made for the vulcanized block sample. The bottom gripmay be any type clamp of sufficient ca
22、pacity to handle thespecimen and designed to prevent its slippage in the grip4or toprevent premature filament breakage.3Suitable molds and block holder are available from Bartell Machinery SystemsCorp, Rome, NY 13440.4Series 2710 screw action grips, Series 2716 wedge action grips from InstronCorp.,
23、2500 Washington St., Canton, MA 02021, and Scott A420 clamps fromGCA/Precision Scientific, 3737 W. Cortland St., Chicago, IL 60647, have beenfound practical for testing single filament wire.TOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Angular612 Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NO
24、TE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 1 Mold with Top and Bottom PlatesTOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 2 Top GripD18710426.4 Vulcanizing Press, large enoug
25、h to accommodate themold, and capable of exerting at least 70 kN total force on themold.5Electrical or steam heat for the top and bottom platensshall be provided, of sufficient capacity for maintaining themold components at a temperature within 3C of the require-ments for the rubber compound being u
26、sed.6.5 Solvent, used for the preparation of the rubber and wirein this test method shall be such that the surface of the rubberwill be freshened and the wire surface cleaned without ad-versely affecting the adhesion. If remilled or freshly milledcompound is used, the use of a solvent can be left to
27、 mutualagreement between the user and the supplier of the compound.6.5.1 A suitable solvent has been found to be lead-freegasoline (normal heptane) with a distillation range from 40 to141C and a maximum recovery of 97 %, available from mostsolvent suppliers. PrecautionAdequate health and safetypreca
28、utions should be observed in the handling and use of anysolvent selected for use in this test method.6.6 Rubber Compound, shall be furnished by the purchaserof the wire, together with pertinent information on the tem-perature and time for the cure of that particular rubber as wellas aging time limit
29、s for holding the block between vulcanizingand testing, but not less than 16 h. Since the adhesion betweenrubber and wire is influenced by the age and storage conditionsof the uncured rubber compounds, the purchaser of the wireshall also specify the conditions of storage and any time limitfor such s
30、torage of the batch. The rubber compound may beprovided in sheet form, 7 mm thick on a non-hygroscopicbacking, such as a plasticizer free plastic material, or may beprovided unmilled in a form requiring milling immediatelyprior to use.6.7 Mold Release Lubricant, A suitable mold release lubri-cant ma
31、y be applied to the empty mold to facilitate test blockremoval. Excess lubricant shallbe wiped from the mold andparticularly from the slots provided for the wires. The lubricantshall not be applied when exposed wires are in the area, andshould only be used when absolutely necessary. Use of moldrelea
32、se lubricant should be recorded on the test report.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of reels, coils, spools, or othershipping units of wire directed in an applicable materialspecification or other agreement between purchaser and thesupplier. C
33、onsider reels, coils, spools, or other shipping units ofwire to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 1A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween and within primary sampling units so as to provide a samplingplan
34、 which at the specified level of the property of interest has ameaningful producers risk, acceptable quality level, and desired limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleUse the primary sampling units inthe lot sample as a laboratory sample. These samples of reels,coils, spools, or other shipping u
35、nits of wire are customarilytaken by the manufacturer and provided to the purchaser withthe lot shipment.7.3 Test SpecimensPrepare three specimens from eachlaboratory sample by cutting 250 to 300-mm lengths of thewire and laying them out on a clean surface such as cloth orpaper. The wires should be
36、touched only at their ends, in nocase on that portion that is to be embedded in the test pad.Unless otherwise specified, the wires shall be tested “as is,”representing the condition in which the wire lot and sampleswere received. If “washing” the surface of the wire before testis specified, gently w
37、ipe the wire with a soft cloth dampenedwith the solvent.8. Procedure8.1 Rubber CompoundCut the rubber sheet to the size ofthe mold cavity, unless it has been precut to that size forstorage; two pieces are required for each block. Lay these outand freshen their top surfaces with the solvent, applied
38、with asoft cloth or brush. Plan the freshening for a drying time to beat least 10 but not over 20 min before the building step of theprocedure. If the compound has been milled immediately priorto use, freshening is not required.8.2 Block BuildingPreheat the mold, including top andbottom plates, to t
39、he cure temperature of the rubber to be used.8.2.1 Remove the mold from the preheating and take off thetop plate.8.2.2 With its freshened side up, press the bottom piece ofrubber into the mold with a metal or wooden peg.8.2.3 Lay the wires, one by one, into the tapered slots,making note of their ide
40、ntification, for example, the samplereel number, for later matching of the test results. Position thewires with about 25 mm sticking out from one side of the moldand about 150 mm from the other. Do not let the fingers touchthe wires within the 50 mm length that will be in contact withrubber.NOTE 2Sl
41、ots 1 and 15 should be filled with dummy lengths of wirewhich will be subsequently pulled, but their test values should not berecorded nor included in the calculations.8.2.4 Place the top piece of rubber in the mold with itsfreshened side down and press it firmly in place with a metalor wooden peg.8
42、.2.5 Replace the top plate, put the mold in the press, andapply a force of at least 70 kN to the mold. This force whenapplied to the mold in Fig. 1 is equal to a pressure of 3.5 mPa.Excessive force is not necessary and may damage the mold.Vulcanize the block under pressure for the time and tempera-t
43、ure conditions of the rubber compound being used.8.2.6 It is important that the time from removal of the moldfrom the heat and replacing it in the press not exceed 3 min.This time limit also applies during the building of blockssubsequent to the first one, where the mold is already hot andwhen a cur
44、ed block must be removed from the mold before itcan be filled.8.2.7 It is an acceptable practice to prebuild the test pad ina cold mold following the above block building procedures(see 8.2.2-8.2.4), and apply sufficient pressure to hold theassembled pad together. This pressure may be applied by5Sui
45、table vulcanizing presses are manufactured by Given P-H-I, PasadenaPresses, 1100 John Reed Court, City of Industry, CA 91745.D1871043stitching layers together or applying pressure in a cold press.The prebuilt pad is then placed in a preheated mold forvulcanization. Maximum storage time of a prebuilt
46、 pad beforevulcanization is 90 min.8.3 Preparation of Vulcanized BlockRemove the moldfrom the press and push out the vulcanized block. If there areother blocks to prepare, proceed with the building operations asoutlined in 8.2. Let the cured blocks condition at roomtemperature, 23 6 2C, for the requ
47、ired time limits specifiedby the rubber supplier, but not less than 16 h. Cut off the25-mm lengths of protruding wire close to the edge of theblock. Extraneous flash adjacent to the sample wires should becut off using a razor-blade or surgical knife, taking care not todamage the wire. Trim off the e
48、xtraneous flash from both edgesof the block.8.4 TestingPush the block into the top grip of the testingmachine until the first wire is in the center of the 12.5-mm hole.Note that for ease of wire centering the grips may be reversedfrom the description contained in this section. Make sure theload-read
49、ing attachment of the tester is zero. Then clamp thefirst wire in the bottom grip and start the machine. When thewire pulls out, stop the machine, note the pull-out force to thenearest 5 N and release the wedges. Pull the tested wire out ofthe block by hand and slide the block in the holder until thenext wire is centered. Clamp it in the wedges, start themachine, pull the wire out, and note its pull-out force. Repeatthe procedure with the other wires of the block. Continuesliding each subsequent wire into the wedges until they movetoo far to grasp the wire l
