1、Designation: D1871 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forAdhesion Between Tire Bead Wire and Rubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover procedures for testing thestrength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanizedrubber compounds.
3、 The method applies to, but is not limited to,wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. Theadhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-outforce for the single filament of wire.1.2 This test method is applicable to single-filament wiresused in reinforced rubber products
4、 as single filaments and isnormally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of wire to astandard rubber applied under specified conditions. It is prima-rily used to evaluate tire bead wire and may be applied, withmodifications and by agreement between supplier and cus-tomer, to various wire types u
5、sed in rubber product reinforcing.1.3 This test method is written in SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
6、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias
7、 forTextiles3D3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD4392 Terminology for Statistically Related Terms3D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire,Hose Reinforcing Wire, and FabricsE456 Terminology Rel
8、ating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D64773.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:adhesion, curing, holland cloth, hose reinforcing wire, m
9、illgrain, rubber, rubber compound, as used in the manufacture ofrubber articles, tire bead, tire bead wire, and vulcanization.3.1.2 For definitions of terms relating to rubber, refer toTerminology D15663.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to testing and statis-tical concepts, refer to Terminology
10、 D4392 orE456D4392E456.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The wires are vulcanized into a block or pad of rubberand the force necessary to pull the wires out of the rubber ismeasured. The direction of pull-out is axial, th
11、at is, along thewire.5. Significance and Use5.1 To contribute to the mechanical properties required in aproduct, tire bead wire must have good adhesion to the rubbermatrix. This allows the rubber to absorb part of the energy,distributing it uniformly between the reinforcing material andthe rubber co
12、mpound. This test method is considered satisfac-tory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wiresince it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.This test method may be used for purchase specificationrequirements or manufacturing control of bead wire.5.1.1 If there are dif
13、ferences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that areas homogeneous as p
14、ossible, that are drawn from the materialfrom which the disparate test results were obtained, and thatare randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. Other materials with established test values may beused for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories1Thistest me
15、thod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyap-proved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2004 D1871 04. DOI:10.1520/
16、D1871-04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
17、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, ata probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material
18、must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 The characteristics of single filament steel wires thataffect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coating com-position, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age, andvulcanization conditions of the rubber compound will affect thetest re
19、sults and must be specified by the supplier of the rubbercompound.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Mold,4designed as shown in Fig. 1 for a 12.5-mm thickblock of rubber, 200 mm long, and 50 mm wide, with 15beveled slots across the width of the mold spaced 12.5 mmapart at the middle of the mold thickness
20、, and with top andbottom plates for the mold. If more than five wires break whentesting with the standard mold, the purchaser and the suppliermay agree to use a mold cavity that is less than 50 mm wide.6.2 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE (Constant-Rate-of-Extension) type, of such capacity of the load c
21、ell in use that themaximum force required to pull out the wires shall not exceed85 % nor be less than 15 % of the rated capacity. The rate oftravel of the power actuated grip shall be 50 6 5 mm/min, orup to 1506 15 mm/min by agreement between the purchaserand the seller. The specifications and metho
22、ds of calibrationand verification shall conform to Specification D76.6.3 Top Grip,4designed as shown in Fig. 2 shall be a specialholder made for the vulcanized block sample. The bottom gripmay be any type clamp of sufficient capacity to handle thespecimen and designed to prevent its slippage in the
23、grip5or toprevent premature filament breakage.6.4 Vulcanizing Press, large enough to accommodate themold, and capable of exerting at least 70 kN total force on themold.6Electrical or steam heat for the top and bottom platensshall be provided, of sufficient capacity for maintaining themold components
24、 at a temperature within 3C of the require-ments for the rubber compound being used.6.5 Solvent, used for the preparation of the rubber and wirein this test method shall be such that the surface of the rubberwill be freshened and the wire surface cleaned without ad-versely affecting the adhesion. If
25、 remilled or freshly milledcompound is used, the use of a solvent can be left to mutualagreement between the user and the supplier of the compound.6.5.1 A suitable solvent has been found to be lead-freegasoline (normal heptane) with a distillation range from 40 to141C and a maximum recovery of 97 %,
26、 available from mostsolvent suppliers. PrecautionAdequate health and safety4Suitable molds and block holder are available from Bartell Machinery SystemsCorp, Rome, NY 13440.5Series 2710 screw action grips, Series 2716 wedge action grips from InstronCorp., 2500 Washington St., Canton, MA 02021, and S
27、cott A420 clamps fromGCA/Precision Scientific, 3737 W. Cortland St., Chicago, IL 60647, have beenfound practical for testing single filament wire.6Suitable vulcanizing presses are manufactured by Given P-H-I, PasadenaPresses, 1100 John Reed Court, City of Industry, CA 91745.TOLERANCESAll dimensions
28、60.2Angular612 Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 1 Mold with Top and Bottom PlatesD1871 04 (2010)2precautions should be observed in the handling and use of anysolvent selected for use in this test method.6.
29、6 Rubber Compound, shall be furnished by the purchaserof the wire, together with pertinent information on the tem-perature and time for the cure of that particular rubber as wellas aging time limits for holding the block between vulcanizingand testing, but not less than 16 h. Since the adhesion betw
30、eenrubber and wire is influenced by the age and storage conditionsof the uncured rubber compounds, the purchaser of the wireshall also specify the conditions of storage and any time limitfor such storage of the batch. The rubber compound may beprovided in sheet form, 7 mm thick on a non-hygroscopicb
31、acking, such as a plasticizer free plastic material, or may beprovided unmilled in a form requiring milling immediatelyprior to use.6.7 Mold Release Lubricant, A suitable mold release lubri-cant may be applied to the empty mold to facilitate test blockremoval. Excess lubricant shallbe wiped from the
32、 mold andparticularly from the slots provided for the wires. The lubricantshall not be applied when exposed wires are in the area, andshould only be used when absolutely necessary. Use of moldrelease lubricant should be recorded on the test report.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for accepta
33、nce testing,take at random the number of reels, coils, spools, or othershipping units of wire directed in an applicable materialspecification or other agreement between purchaser and thesupplier. Consider reels, coils, spools, or other shipping units ofwire to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 1A r
34、ealistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween and within primary sampling units so as to provide a samplingplan which at the specified level of the property of interest has ameaningful producers risk, acceptable qu
35、ality level, and desired limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleUse the primary sampling units inthe lot sample as a laboratory sample. These samples of reels,coils, spools, or other shipping units of wire are customarilytaken by the manufacturer and provided to the purchaser withthe lot shipmen
36、t.7.3 Test SpecimensPrepare three specimens from eachlaboratory sample by cutting 250 to 300-mm lengths of thewire and laying them out on a clean surface such as cloth orpaper. The wires should be touched only at their ends, in nocase on that portion that is to be embedded in the test pad.Unless oth
37、erwise specified, the wires shall be tested “as is,”representing the condition in which the wire lot and sampleswere received. If “washing” the surface of the wire before testis specified, gently wipe the wire with a soft cloth dampenedwith the solvent.8. Procedure8.1 Rubber CompoundCut the rubber s
38、heet to the size ofthe mold cavity, unless it has been precut to that size forstorage; two pieces are required for each block. Lay these outand freshen their top surfaces with the solvent, applied with asoft cloth or brush. Plan the freshening for a drying time to beat least 10 but not over 20 min b
39、efore the building step of theprocedure. If the compound has been milled immediately priorto use, freshening is not required.8.2 Block BuildingPreheat the mold, including top andbottom plates, to the cure temperature of the rubber to be used.8.2.1 Remove the mold from the preheating and take off the
40、top plate.8.2.2 With its freshened side up, press the bottom piece ofrubber into the mold with a metal or wooden peg.8.2.3 Lay the wires, one by one, into the tapered slots,making note of their identification, for example, the samplereel number, for later matching of the test results. Position thewi
41、res with about 25 mm sticking out from one side of the moldand about 150 mm from the other. Do not let the fingers touchthe wires within the 50 mm length that will be in contact withrubber.NOTE 2Slots 1 and 15 should be filled with dummy lengths of wirewhich will be subsequently pulled, but their te
42、st values should not berecorded nor included in the calculations.8.2.4 Place the top piece of rubber in the mold with itsfreshened side down and press it firmly in place with a metalor wooden peg.8.2.5 Replace the top plate, put the mold in the press, andapply a force of at least 70 kN to the mold.
43、This force whenapplied to the mold in Fig. 1 is equal to a pressure of 3.5 mPa.Excessive force is not necessary and may damage the mold.Vulcanize the block under pressure for the time and tempera-ture conditions of the rubber compound being used.8.2.6 It is important that the time from removal of th
44、e moldfrom the heat and replacing it in the press not exceed 3 min.This time limit also applies during the building of blockssubsequent to the first one, where the mold is already hot andwhen a cured block must be removed from the mold before itcan be filled.8.2.7 It is an acceptable practice to pre
45、build the test pad ina cold mold following the above block building procedures(see 8.2.2-8.2.4), and apply sufficient pressure to hold theassembled pad together. This pressure may be applied byTOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NOTE 3All
46、dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 2 Top GripD1871 04 (2010)3stitching layers together or applying pressure in a cold press.The prebuilt pad is then placed in a preheated mold forvulcanization. Maximum storage time of a prebuilt pad beforevulcanization is 90 min.8.3 Preparation of Vul
47、canized BlockRemove the moldfrom the press and push out the vulcanized block. If there areother blocks to prepare, proceed with the building operations asoutlined in 8.2. Let the cured blocks condition at roomtemperature, 23 6 2C, for the required time limits specifiedby the rubber supplier, but not
48、 less than 16 h. Cut off the25-mm lengths of protruding wire close to the edge of theblock. Extraneous flash adjacent to the sample wires should becut off using a razor-blade or surgical knife, taking care not todamage the wire. Trim off the extraneous flash from both edgesof the block.8.4 TestingPu
49、sh the block into the top grip of the testingmachine until the first wire is in the center of the 12.5-mm hole.Note that for ease of wire centering the grips may be reversedfrom the description contained in this section. Make sure theload-reading attachment of the tester is zero. Then clamp thefirst wire in the bottom grip and start the machine. When thewire pulls out, stop the machine, note the pull-out force to thenearest 5 N and release the wedges. Pull the tested wire out ofthe block by hand and slide the block in the holder until thenext wire is cente
