1、Designation: D1929 12D1929 13Standard Test Method forDetermining Ignition Temperature of Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a labo
3、ratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneousignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.1.2 CautionDuring the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardousto personnel.1.3 This standard is used to measure an
4、d describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 Fire testing is inhere
5、ntly hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety an
6、d health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2 and 1.3.NOTE 1This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in all technical details.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D618 Practice for Conditionin
7、g Plastics for TestingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards2.2 International Standards:4ISO 871-1996 PlasticsDetermination of Ignition Temperature Using a Hot-Air FurnaceISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination of Repeatability and Reproducibility for Standard Test Methods byInterlaboratory Test
8、sIEC 584-2 ThermocouplesPart 2: Tolerances3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to fire, see Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flash ignition temperature (FIT)the minimum temperature at which, under specified test conditions, sufficient flammable
9、gases are emitted to ignite momentarily upon application of a small external pilot flame.3.2.2 glowing combustioncombustion of a material in the solid phase without flame but with emission of light from thecombustion zone, caused by slow decomposition and carbonization at various points in the speci
10、men, without general ignitionoccurring.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties.30.03).Current edition approved April 15, 2012Nov. 1, 2013. Published June 2012November 2013. Originally
11、 approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 asD1929 11.D1929 12. DOI:10.1520/D1929-12.DOI:10.1520/D1929-13.In 1996, this test method was totally revised to be technically equal to ISO 871-1996, and a specific air velocity is specified, which eliminates the need for approximations.2
12、 The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test method: Stetchkin, N. P., “A Method and Apparatus for Determining the Ignition Characteristicsof Plastics,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol 43, No. 6, December 1949 (RP 2052), p. 591.3 F
13、or referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2
14、5 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all
15、 changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 spontaneous ignition temperature or self-ignition temperature (SIT)the minimum temperature at which the self-heatingproperties of the specimen lead to ignition or ignition occurs of itself, under specified test c
17、onditions, in the absence of anyadditional flame ignition source.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristicsof different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperatur
18、e that will cause ignition of the material underthe conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual useconditions.4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire h
19、azards include otherfactors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.5. Apparatus5.1 Hot-Air Ignition FurnaceA furnace similar to that shown in Fig. 1, consisting primarily of an electrical heating unit andFIG. 1 Cross Section
20、of Hot-Air Ignition FurnaceD1929 132specimen holder.5.2 Furnace TubeA vertical tube with an inside diameter of 100 6 5 mm and a length of 230 6 20 mm, made of a ceramicthat will withstand at least 750C. The vertical tube stands on the furnace floor, fitted with a plug for the removal of accumulatedr
21、esidue.5.3 Inner Ceramic TubeA ceramic tube that will withstand at least 750C, with an inside diameter of 75 6 5 mm, length of2306 20 mm, and thickness of approximately 3 mm, placed inside the furnace tube and positioned 20 6 2 mm above the furnacefloor on three small spacer blocks. The top is cover
22、ed by a disk of heat-resistant material with a 25 6 2-mm diameter opening inthe center that is used for observation and passage of smoke and gases. The pilot flame is located immediately above the opening.NOTE 2Fire resistant materials such as silica glass and stainless steel have also been found su
23、itable for this application.5.4 Air SourceAn outside air source to supply clean air near the top of the annular space between the ceramic tubes, througha copper tube at a steady and controllable rate. Air shall be heated and circulated in the space between the two tubes and enter theinner furnace tu
24、be at the bottom. Air shall be metered by a rotameter or other suitable device.5.5 Electrical Heating Unit, contained within the mineral fiber sleeve and constructed of 50 turns of 1.3 6 0.1 mm NichromeV alloy wire, wound around the furnace tube and embedded in heat-resistant cement.NOTE 3Other cons
25、tructions such as finely coiled wire embedded in molded ceramic fiber have also been found to be acceptable.5.6 Insulation, consisting of a layer of mineral fiber, approximately 60-mm thick, and covered by a metal jacket.5.7 Pilot Igniter, consisting of a nominal 1.8 6 0.3-mm inside diameter (ID) co
26、pper tubing attached to a gas supply of 94 %minimum purity propane and placed horizontally 5 6 1 mm above the top surface of the disk cover. The pilot flame shall beadjusted to 20 6 2 mm in length and centered above the opening in the disk cover.5.8 Specimen Support and HolderThe specimen pan consis
27、ts of a metal container of approximately 0.5-mm thick steelmeasuring 406 2 mm in diameter by 15 6 2 mm in depth. It is held in a ring of approximately 2.0-mm diameter stainless steelwelding rod. The ring is welded to a length of the same type of rod extending through the cover of the furnace, as sho
28、wn in Fig.1. The bottom of the specimen pan shall be located 185 6 5 mm down from the top of the inner furnace tube.5.9 Thermocouples, 0.5-mm diameter, Chromel-Alumel (Type K) or Iron-Constantan (Type J), for temperature measurementconnected to a calibrated recording instrument with a tolerance not
29、exceeding 62C. The thermocouple tolerance shall be inaccordance with IEC 584-2, Table 1, Class 2 or better.5.10 Heating ControlA suitable variable transformer or an automatic controller connected in series with the heating coils.5.11 Timing Device, having an accuracy of at least 1 s.6. Location of T
30、hermocouples6.1 Thermocouple TC1 measures the temperature, T1, of the specimen. It is located as close as possible to the center of the uppersurface of the specimen when the specimen is in place within the furnace. The thermocouple wire is attached to the specimensupport rod.6.2 Thermocouple TC2 giv
31、es some indication of the temperature, T2, of the air traveling past the specimen. It is located 10 62 mm below the center of the specimen pan. The thermocouple wire is attached to the specimen support rod.NOTE 4Thermocouple TC2 may be installed through a hole drilled adjacent to the inspection plug
32、 below the specimen pan.6.3 Thermocouple TC3 measures the temperature, T3, of the heating coil. It is located adjacent to the furnace heating coil andis used as a reference for temperature adjustment purposes because of its faster response.NOTE 5Thermocouple TC3 may be a 1.6 6 0.1-mm diameter metall
33、ic sheathed thermocouple.7. Test Specimens7.1 It is acceptable to use as test specimens materials, or products, supplied in any form, with some examples being pellets,powders and films. It is also acceptable to use composites as test specimens. The test report shall include full details of the formi
34、n which the test specimens have been tested.NOTE 6Specimens containing high levels of inorganic fillers are difficult to evaluate.NOTE 7In some cases the same material will give different results if tested in different forms.7.2 A specimen mass of 3.0 6 0.2 g shall be used for materials having a den
35、sity greater than 100 kg/m3.7.2.1 Instructions for Specific Types of Test Specimens:7.2.1.1 For sheet materials, cut the sheet into squares of 20 6 2 by 20 6 2 mm maximum size, and stack these to a height thatgives the required specimen mass.7.2.1.2 For film materials, roll a strip 20 6 2 mm wide an
36、d of length sufficient to give the required specimen mass.7.2.1.3 For cellular materials having a density less than 100kg/m3, remove any outer skin and cut the specimens in the form ofa block measuring 20 6 2 by 20 6 2 by 50 6 5 mm.D1929 1337.3 Sufficient material is required for at least two determ
37、inations.7.4 The test specimens shall be conditioned at 23 6 2C and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test,in accordance with Practice D618.8. Procedure8.1 Flash Ignition Temperature (FIT):8.1.1 Set the air velocity to 25 mm/s by adjusting the actual air flow rate through t
38、he full section of the inner tube at the furnacetemperature, using the following formula:Qv 56.623293Twhere:Qv = air flow rate, L/min, andT = temperature, K, at T2.Ensure that the air flow rate is maintained at 610 % of the calculated value.8.1.2 Adjust the electric current supplied to the heating c
39、oil by means of the variable transformer or automatic controller, byreference to temperature T3 until the air temperature, T2, remains constant at the desired initial test temperature.NOTE 8The temperature of 400C is used when no prior knowledge of the probable flash ignition temperature range is av
40、ailable. Other startingtemperatures may be selected if information on the material indicates a better choice.8.1.3 Raise the specimen pan to the cover opening, and place the specimen on the pan. Lower the pan into the furnace, ensuringthat thermocouples TC1 and TC2 are in their correct position (see
41、 6.1 and 6.2). Start the timer, ignite the pilot flame, and watchfor evidence of a flash or mild explosion of combustible gases that may be followed by continuous burning of the specimen.Flaming or glowing combustion can also be observed by a rapid rise in temperature T1, as compared with temperatur
42、e T2.8.1.4 At the end of 10 min, depending on whether ignition has or has not occurred, lower or raise the temperature T2 by 50Caccordingly, and repeat the test with a fresh specimen.8.1.5 When the range within which the flash ignition temperature lies has been determined, begin the test 10C below t
43、hehighest temperature within this range, and continue by dropping the temperature in 10C steps until the temperature is reached atwhich there is no ignition during a 10 min period.8.1.6 Record the lowest air temperature, T2, at which a flash is observed, during the 10 min period, as the flash igniti
44、ontemperature.8.2 Spontaneous Ignition Temperature (SIT):8.2.1 Follow the same procedure as described in 8.1, but without the pilot flame.8.2.2 Ignition will be evidenced by flaming or glowing combustion of the specimen. It may be difficult, with some materials,to detect spontaneous ignition visuall
45、y when burning is by glowing combustion rather than flaming. In such cases, a rapid rise intemperature T1 above that of T2 accompanied by a visual observation is the more reliable reference.8.2.3 Record the lowest air temperature, T2, at which the specimen burns, during the 10 min period, as the spo
46、ntaneous ignitiontemperature.9. Test Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method;9.1.2 Designation of the material, including the name of the manufacturer and composition;9.1.3 Form of the material (granules, sheet, etc.);9.1.4 Mass of the test specimen, g;9.1.5 De
47、nsity of the cellular test specimens, kg/m3 ;9.1.6 Flash ignition temperature (FIT), C;9.1.7 Spontaneous ignition temperature (SIT), C;9.1.8 Whether the combustion observed was flaming or glowing;9.1.9 Observations regarding the behavior of the specimen during the test (how ignition occurred, the fo
48、rmation of soot orsmoke, excessive foaming, melting, bubbling, smoking, etc.); and9.1.10 The following statement:“These test results relate only to the behavior of test specimens under the particular conditions of the test. They are not intendedto be used, and shall not be used, to assess the potent
49、ial fire hazards of a material in use.”10. Precision and Bias10.1 The precision and bias of this test method is being developed internationally through ISO/TC61/Sc4. Relative precisiondata based on a preliminary interlaboratory study conducted in 1994, using ISO/DIS 871 as protocol, is indicated in Appendix X1.D1929 134Findings from this interlaboratory study resulted in changes to the procedure; therefore, another interlaboratory study wasconsidered necessary and will be started in 1996.initiated in 2012.10.2 Precision5The repeatability stan
