1、Designation: D1974/D1974M 16Standard Practice forMethods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing FiberboardBoxes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1974/D1974M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes sev
3、eral methods for closing,sealing, and reinforcing fiberboard (solid and corrugated,excluding triple wall) shipping boxes used for shipment. Oneor several methods listed in this practice may be referenced inregulations, specifications, or contracts. (See Appendix forcross reference).1.2 The values st
4、ated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.NOTE
5、 1This practice is intended to be workable in both inch-poundunits and SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional but arenot necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performanceof the closing, sealing, or reinforcing methods. Descriptions in inch-poundand SI units ar
6、e considered interchangeable in this practice.NOTE 2All references to this standard should be made by closurenumber.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
7、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-tainers by Spray MethodD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD3654/D3654M Test M
8、ethods for Shear Adhesion ofPressure-Sensitive TapesD3759/D3759M Test Method for Breaking Strength andElongation of Pressure-Sensitive TapeD3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testin
9、g of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Ma-terials1D5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Ship-ping BoxesD5330/D5330M Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Tapefor Packaging, Filament-ReinforcedD5486/D5486M Specification for Pressure-Sensi
10、tive Tapefor Packaging, Box Closure, and SealingD5570 Test Method for Water Resistance of Tape andAdhesives Used as Box ClosureD5749 Specification for Reinforced and Plain GummedTape for Sealing and SecuringF592 Terminology of Collated and Cohered Fasteners andTheir Application Tools2.2 U.S. Governm
11、ent Documents:3A-A-59692 Adhesive, Water Resistant (For Closure of Fi-berboard Boxes)2.3 Other Standards:International Fiberboard Case Code41This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Fiberboard ShippingContain
12、ers, Containerboard and Related Structures and Materials.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1974 10. DOI:10.1520/D1974_D1974M16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
13、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:
14、/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.4International Fiberboard Case Code, European Federation of Manufacturers ofCorrugated Board (FEFCO), 37 rue dAmsterdam, 75008, Paris, France, 874-63-76.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 3FEFCO5
15、established a code of box styles to facilitateinternational trade. The box codes consist of four-digit numbers; forexample, a regular slotted container was assigned the code 0201.2.4 Other Publications:Uniform Freight Classification53. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distributio
16、n envi-ronments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 crownstaple end opposite staple point, connectingboth staple legs and providing bearing area (F592).3.2.2 legstaple part connecting staple crown with staplepoint, driven through and into or through materials beingfastened (F592).3.2
17、.3 stitchstaple cut and formed from wire immediatelyprior to driving by same machine (F592).3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 closurethe means of securing the flaps or covers ofa box so that the box will not accidentally open during normalshipment, handling, and storage.3.3.2
18、leg thicknessdimension of staple-leg cross sectionmeasured parallel to staple-crown axis (F592).3.3.3 leg widthdimension of staple-leg cross section mea-sured perpendicular to staple-crown axis (F592).3.3.4 reinforcingthe means (when required) of improvingthe stability and integrity of a fiberboard
19、box or closure so asto increase the performance level of the box during normalhandling, shipping, or storage.3.3.5 sealingthe means (when required) of making a boxreasonably impervious to the entrance of extraneous material(such as dust) or to prevent the leakage of the box contentsduring distributi
20、on.3.3.6 setupthe forming of a knocked-down box (or boxsection) into a box (section) ready for filling, including the end,cover, and section closures made before the box is filled.3.3.7 staplepreformed U-shaped wire fastener usuallywith two same-size pointed or pointless legs connected bycrown locat
21、ed opposite staple-point ends; designed to be drivenby strike, pneumatic, electric, manual, or spring tools throughor through and into layers of penetrable material and to holdtwo or more pieces together.3.3.8 wide crown staplea staple whose nominal width is114 in. approximately 32 mm or greater.3.3
22、.9 wide crown stitcha stitch whose nominal width is114 in. approximately 32 mm or greater.4. Significance and Use4.1 The means of closing the flaps of corrugated shippingcontainers is one of the important decisions for a shipper. Itmay affect the overall material cost, the labor costs, thepackaging
23、equipment costs, and the performance of the boxduring distribution.4.2 This practice provides a list of many available proce-dures for closing, sealing, and reinforcing boxes. Most of thesedescribe a particular packaging material and a particular use ofit on a box. Some methods involve package perfo
24、rmancetesting; any closure or reinforcement which passes prescribedtests (usually on the proposed box and contents) is consideredto comply with that section of this practice. Performance-basedmethods are encouraged because they allow for considerableflexibility in the choice of packaging materials a
25、nd methods yetprovide assurance of a given level of performance.4.3 Adiverse range of methods are described in this practicebut relative performance levels are not given. Laboratorypackage testing such as Practice D4169 and field experienceare recommended to rate alternative methods on performancefo
26、r the intended use.4.4 The descriptions of materials and methods in thispractice provide direction for the procurement of materials andfor their common uses on boxes. These descriptions may besufficient for some specification purposes, but others willrequire more thorough material and application re
27、quirementsthan those given here.4.5 The list of methods in this practice is not exhaustive;deviation or variation from the listed methods is possible withthe approval of the appropriate parties referencing this practice.Depending on the characteristics of the contents, the specificshipping container
28、, the acceptable package costs, the distribu-tion hazards, and the desired degree of assurance of successfulshipment, more stringent methods than those listed may beneeded or less stringent methods than those listed may beadequate. The methods described are typical uses of theclosure, reinforcing, o
29、r sealing materials; many of thesematerials can be used for other box styles or other methods onboxes but all of these are not included in this practice.Materials for box closure, reinforcement, or sealing are com-mercially available which have higher or lower performancecharacteristics than those l
30、isted in this practice; these may oftenbe used in a lesser or greater quantity than the describedapplications of the listed materials.4.6 This practice assumes the following:4.6.1 The shipping container and inner packing are properlydesigned for the contents and the distribution hazards (seePractice
31、s D4169 and D5118/D5118M),4.6.2 Normal, reasonable care is taken in shipment, includ-ing storage, handling, loading, and bracing, and4.6.3 Normal, reasonable care is taken in the application ofthe closure, reinforcing, or sealing materials to the shippingcontainer.5. Materials and Equipment5.1 Adhes
32、ives:5.1.1 Hot Melt AdhesivesHot melt adhesives are solid atroom temperature, liquified by heat, applied molten, and solidupon cooling to bond two surfaces. They are based onthermoplastic polymers modified with resins or waxes, or both,and are usually applied in the range of approximately 300 to400F
33、 approximately 150 to 200C. The adhesive shouldD1974/D1974M 162maintain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage.5.1.2 Water-Borne AdhesivesSeveral types of adhesivesare available in which water is the vehicle or solvent. These aretypically applied at room te
34、mperature and the surfaces arecompressed together until the adhesive develops sufficientstrength to maintain substrate contact. The adhesive shouldmaintain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage.5.1.3 Semi-automatic and fully automatic box closureequipment
35、is available for the application of adhesives. Hotmelt adhesives are also applied by hand held “guns.” Adhe-sives work best on clean, dry surfaces. It is important to havethe box flaps held in place until the hot melt adhesive solidifiesor the water borne adhesive develops sufficient bond.5.1.4 The
36、federal specification applicable to adhesives isA-A-596925.2 Pressure-Sensitive Tape:5.2.1 Pressure-Sensitive, Film-Backed TapeThis tape con-sists of a film backing, usually a biaxially oriented polylpro-pylene or polyester (some polyvinyl chloride films are alsoused), with a high tack pressure-sens
37、itive adhesive. Nosolvents, heat, or moistening are needed. The tape shouldmaintain its functionality in the environmental conditionsexpected in distribution and storage. The applicable referenceis Specification D5486/D5486M.5.2.2 Pressure-Sensitive Filament TapeThis type of tapetypically consists o
38、f fiberglass filaments embedded in apressure-sensitive adhesive with a protective film backing.Several grades of tape are available. The tape should maintainits functionality in environmental conditions expected in dis-tribution and storage. The applicable reference is SpecificationD5530.5.2.3 Press
39、ure-Sensitive Paper TapeThis type of tape hasa backing of kraft paper and a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Thetape should maintain its functionality in environmental condi-tions expected in distribution and storage. The applicablereference is Specification D5486/D5486M.5.2.4 A wide variety of tape dis
40、pensing and applyingequipment is available. Hand-held dispensers are common.Pressure-sensitive tapes also capable of being applied byequipment at high speeds. Tapes work best on clean, drysurfaces. It is important to give an adequate rubdown topressure-sensitive tapes to develop sufficient bond to h
41、old theflaps closed.5.2.5 Uses of pressure-sensitive tape in the closure, sealing,and reinforcing methods call for their commonly availablecommercial widths. The widths common in the U.S. Custom-ary system are not identical to the available metric replacementwidths. The most frequent width conversio
42、ns are as follows:U.S. Customaryin.Metricmm0.5 120.75 1812424837NOTE 4The effect of this width difference on package performance isnot considered significant.65.3 Gummed (Remoistenable) Tape:5.3.1 Reinforced Gummed TapesThis type of tape has awater activated adhesive and contains glass reinforcing f
43、ibersembedded between two sheets of paper, using nonasphalticbinders. Many constructions are available. The tape shouldmaintain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage. The applicable reference is Speci-fication D5749.5.3.2 Gummed Paper TapeThis type of tape
44、 has a backingof kraft paper and a water activated adhesive. The tape shouldmaintain its functionality in environmental conditions expectedin distribution and storage. The applicable reference is Speci-fication D5749.5.3.3 A wide variety of tape dispensing and applyingequipment is available. Table t
45、op dispensers are common.Gummed tapes are capable of being applied by equipment athigh speeds. Tapes work best on clean, dry surfaces. It isimportant to hold water activated tapes in place until theydevelop sufficient bond to hold the flaps closed.5.4 Staples and Stitches:5.4.1 Staples:5.4.1.1 Stapl
46、es shall be of good commercial quality steeland have a minimum tensile strength of 80 000 psi 550 mPa.They shall have a rust-resistant coating of copper, zinc, or othermaterial. Staples and stitches listed in the closure methods ofthis practice shall meet or exceed the following minimums:Nominal Siz
47、e Crown Width Leg Width Leg Thi0.5 in. 0.37 in. 9.5 mm 0.100 in. 2.5 mm 0.017 in. 1.25 in. 1.125 in. 28.5 mm 0.072 in. 1.9 mm 0.033 in. 5.4.1.2 Staples are collated and cohered into strips or rolls.The strips are designed for loading into straight magazines.The roll, also called a coil, allows the l
48、oading of a large numberof staples into a tool.5.4.1.3 Staples are driven by staplers. Two types of staplersare in common use.(a) One type of stapler uses moving anvils to clinch thestaple legs around the fiberboard. These tools drive the staplelegs through the flaps, simultaneously inserting anvils
49、 throughthe flap surface to meet and clinch the staple legs so they grabthe inner flaps and secure them to the outer flaps. The anvilsthen retract from the flaps.(b) The other type of stapler uses a stationary anvil toclinch the staple legs. The anvil may be supported by a pedestalor by an arm attached to the stapler.(c) Each type of stapler is available as a manual device andas a powered device. The manually operated staplers areusually portable although some are mounted on frames andactivated by a foot pedal. The latter are commonly
