1、Designation: D1997 13Standard Test Method forLaboratory Determination of the Fiber Content of PeatSamples by Dry Mass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1997; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe fiber content of peat (as defined in Classification
3、D4427)bydry mass. It also may be used for non-peat organic soilmaterials.1.2 Because this test method is simple and requires nosophisticated equipment to perform, it is especially recom-mended for routine reconnaissance work, where large numbersof samples need to be tested and mineral contents are l
4、ow.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. Alternate sieve designations in parentheses are asprovided in Specification E11. Use Practice D6026 for deter-mining significant digits to report.1.4 This standard does not
5、 purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
6、:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matterof Peat and Other Organic SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Construction
7、D4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.3.2
8、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fibera fragment or piece of plant tissue that retains arecognizable cellular structure and is large enough to beretained on a 150-m (No. 100) sieve. Plant materials largerthan 20 mm in smallest dimension are not considered fibers.4. Summary of Tes
9、t Method34.1 A known mass of intact, undried peat is soaked in adispersing agent (5 % sodium hexametaphosphate) for ap-proximately 15 h. The material is then washed through a150-m (No. 100) sieve (see Specification E11) by applicationof a gentle flow of tap water. The fibrous material left on thesie
10、ve is oven-dried (at 110 6 5C) until the mass does notchange more than 0.1 % per hour. The mass of fiber isexpressed as a percentage of the oven-dried mass of theoriginal sample.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, an
11、d thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliabl
12、e results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of this test method is to standardize theprocedure for determining fiber content of peat by dry mass.5.2 A standard test method for determinin
13、g the quantity offibers in a peat sample is necessary not only for classifyingpeats and organic soils (as in Classification D4427), but is alsoa significant parameter in predicting or defining the many end1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the dir
14、ect responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Mediumfor Plant Growth.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1997 91 (2008)1. DOI:10.1520/D1997-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3This test method is a modified version of one described in: Riley, J. L.,“Laboratory Methods for Testing Peat,” O
16、ntario Peatland Inventory Project,Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5572, 1986, pp. 2122.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1uses of these materials
17、. In this regard, fiber content has beenrelated to agricultural and horticultural end uses (such asmulching, soil enrichment, etc.), geotechnical measurements(such as strength, compressibility, permeability, etc.), industrialchemical uses (such as production of waxes, activated carbon,medicines, etc
18、.), and even energy uses (such as directcombustion, methanol production, gas yields, etc.).6. Apparatus6.1 Sieve, 150-m (No. 100) (in compliance with Specifi-cation E11).6.2 Drying Oven, capable of being set at 110C 6 5C.6.3 Balance, capable of measuring at least to the nearestmilligram.6.4 Standard
19、 Laboratory Stirrer, capable of being set to 240r/min.6.5 Beaker, 1000-mL capacity.6.6 Funnel.6.7 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Tank or Pan.6.8 Filter Paper.7. Reagents7.1 Sodium Hexametaphosphate, 5 % solution reagentgrade.7.2 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), 2 % solution reagent grade.8. Procedure8.1 Select a r
20、epresentative sample of undried peat anddetermine its moisture content in accordance with Test Meth-ods D2974.8.2 Separate out a specimen of approximately 100 g andrecord its mass, M.8.3 Place this specimen in the beaker and add approximately500 mL of 5 % sodium hexametaphosphate solution (dispers-i
21、ng agent). Stir thoroughly and let stand for at least 15 h.8.4 After the specimen has stood 15 h, stir it thoroughlyusing a laboratory stirrer at 240 r/min for 10 min.Avoid higherspeeds or longer stirring periods.8.5 Pour over a 150-m (No. 100) sieve (or piece of sievescreen) held over a sink or oth
22、er suitable container for disposal.8.6 Wash the specimen on the screen using a rubber hoseattached to a water faucet. Avoid a jet of high pressure waterthat would tend to force the fiber through the screen or splashit out over the top of the sieve. Wash until water passingthrough the screen is clear
23、.8.7 Place the sieve with the specimen into a shallow tank orpan containing a 2 % solution of HCl for at least 10 min (todissolve any carbonates that may be present).8.8 Wash again with water to remove residual HCl (approxi-mately 5 min). Dispose waste solution containing HCl safely.8.9 Remove from
24、the screen any large mineral grains andalso any large (greater than 20 mm) pieces of plant materialsuch as roots or wood.8.10 Invert screen over a large funnel containing a piece offilter paper of known mass to the nearest milligram (#4 orequivalent). Wash all of the fibers off the screen into the f
25、unnelfrom the back of the screen to dislodge any fibers stuck to thescreen.8.11 After the water has drained through the funnel, removethe filter paper containing the fibers and dry in a drying ovenset at 110 6 5C until the mass does not change more than 0.1% per hour.8.12 Record the mass of the drie
26、d sample to the nearestmilligram. This mass minus the mass of the filter paper is themass of the fibers. Record this mass as Mf.8.13 It may be necessary to ash the specimen in accordancewith Test Methods D2974 to separate the mineral content.Rewash the residue after ashing and record the mass inmill
27、igrams. Then subtract this mass from Mfin order to obtaina true mass of fibers.9. Calculation9.1 The initial mass of dry specimen Ms= (100 w)M ifmoisture content is expressed as a percent of the as-receivedmass. The initial mass of the dry specimen Ms=M/(w +100) 100, if the moisture content is expre
28、ssed as a percent ofthe oven dry mass.9.2 Fiber content, % = Mf/Ms 100where:Mf= dry mass of specimen after washing (from 8.12 or8.13), mg,Ms= initial dry mass of specimen, mg,M = initial total mass of specimen, mg, andw = % water as determined in Test Methods D2974.10. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/For
29、m(s)10.1 Record as a minimum the following general informa-tion:10.1.1 Sample/specimen identifying information, such asProject No., Boring No., Sample No., Depth, etc.10.1.2 Any special selection and preparation process, suchas removal of gravel or other materials.10.1.3 Technician name, method used
30、, and date.10.1.4 Note whether ashing was necessary to account formineral content.10.2 Record as a minimum the following test information:10.2.1 Results for percent fiber content, water content andash content, to the nearest 0.1 %. Use Practice D6026 todetermine significant digits.10.2.2 Furnace tem
31、perature used for ash content determina-tions.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionTest data on precision is not presented dueto the nature of the soil materials tested by this test method. Itis either not feasible or too costly at this time to have ten ormore laboratories participate in a round-robi
32、n testing program.D1997 13211.1.1 The Subcommittee D18.22 is seeking any data fromthe users of this test method that might be used to make alimited statement on precision.11.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.12. Keywords12.1 ash; fib
33、er content; organic soil; peatSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D1997 91(2008)1) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2013.)(1) Revised Sections 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12.(2) Updated term 3.
34、2.1.(3) Added Section 10.(4) Added Note 1 and 11.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent righ
35、ts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
36、revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
37、you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D1997 133
