1、Designation: D 202 08An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These
3、test methods cover procedures for sampling andtesting untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator oras a constituent of a composite material used for electricalinsulating purposes.1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laiddown from a water suspension of pulped fibers (us
4、uallycellulosic), which may contain various amounts of nonfibrousingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtaindesired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methodsare applicable, generally although not invariably, to papersformed by other means, to papers modified (during o
5、r afterformation) by additions, and to papers given subsequentmechanical treatments such as creping.1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material,paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to amanufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or var-nish treatment.1.1.3 The
6、test methods given herein were developed spe-cifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.)or less.Anumber of these test methods are also suitable for useon other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to TestMethods D 3376 or Methods D 3394 to determine which testsare applicable t
7、o pulps or electrical insulating boards. In thepaper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are includedwithin the scope of these methods.1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fi
8、ber in fluids otherthan water. These mats may have thicknesses approaching 2mm, and may contain fibers that are natural, synthetic, organic,or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, orinorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sect
9、ions:Procedure SectionsASTM or TAPPIReference(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 .Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E 70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D 726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 .Ash Content 40 to 44 D 586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D 774Chlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 .Co
10、nditioning 15 D 6054Conducting Paths 138 to 151 .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 .Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D 149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls andCores16 to 24 D 374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D 150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D 827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D 1030Folding Enduranc
11、e 108 to 110 T 423 and D 2176Grammage 25 to 28 D 646Permittivity 158 to 164 D 150Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D 827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D 689 or T 414Moisture Content 34 to 39 D 644 and D 3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 .Particulate Iron 184 to 192
12、 .Reagents 4 D 1193Reports 14 E 29Sampling 6 to 13 D 3636Silver Tarnishing by Paper andPaperboard203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D 528 and T 455Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D 76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D 3741.3 The tests for Holes and Felt H
13、air Inclusions and theStain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from thiscompilation of test methods. These test methods were specificto grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by SpecificationD 1930, which has been withdrawn.NOTE 1This compilation of test methods is closely related to IECPubl
14、ication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods included herein areincluded in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in thetwo standards are in general sufficiently close to each other that it isreasonable to expect
15、 that test results obtained by most of the proceduresspecified in either standard will not differ significantly. However, before1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.1
16、9 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 202 97(2002)1.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
17、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.assuming that a procedure in these test methods is exactly equivalent to anIEC 60554-2 procedure, the written procedures should be comparedclosely, and if it seems advisable, test results by the two procedures shouldbe compared.1.4 Th
18、e values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with it
19、s use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1,143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Speci
20、fication for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrica
21、l Insula-tionD 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboardD 586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and PaperProductsD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 646 Test Method for Gram
22、mage of Paper and Paperboard(Mass Per Unit Area)D 689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of PaperD 726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper toPassage of AirD 774/D 774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of PaperD 827 Discontinued 1981; Method of Test for Edge TearingStrength of Pap
23、er3D 1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-boardD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1389 Test Method for Proof-Voltage Testing of ThinSolid Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
24、M.I.T. TesterD 2413 Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper andBoard Impregnated with a Liquid DielectricD 2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equip-ment for Electrical Insulating Materials TestingD 3277 Test Methods for Moisture Content of Oil-Impregnated Cellulosic InsulationD 3376
25、 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to beUsed in the Manufacture of Electrical InsulationD 3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ElectricalInsulating BoardD 3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating MaterialsD 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical
26、Insulating Ma-terials for TestingE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass Electrode2.2 TAPPI Standards:4T 414 Internal Tearing Res
27、istance of PaperT 423 Folding Endurance of Paper (Schopper Type Test)T 444 Silver Tarnishing by Paper and PaperboardT 455 Identification of Wire Side of PaperT 460 Air Resistance of Paper (Gurley Method)T 470 Edge Tearing Resistance of PaperT 536 Resistance of Paper to Passage of Air (High PressureG
28、urley Method)2.3 IEC Standard:IEC 60554-2 Specification for cellulosic papers for electri-cal purposesPart 2: Methods of test53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions pertaining to sampling refer to Termi-nology D 1711 or to Practice D 3636.3.1.2 For definitions pertaining to dissipation
29、factor andpermittivity refer to Terminology D 1711 or to Test MethodsD 150.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air resistance, of paper, na paper property whichquantifies impediment to the transverse passage of air throughthe paper under specific conditions of test, and reported
30、 aseither time for a specified volume per area of test or volume fora specified time per area of test.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt is expressed in terms of time (sec-onds) required for passage of a specified volume of air througha known area of paper, or, as the volume of air passing throughthe paper in a g
31、iven length of time.3.2.2 ash content of paper, nthe solid residue remainingafter combustion of the paper under specified conditions,expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the originalspecimen.3.2.3 basis weight of papersee grammage of paper.3.2.4 bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic p
32、ressurerequired to produce rupture of a circular area of the materialunder specified test procedures.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards D
33、ocument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.5Available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way, EastEnglewood, CO 80112-5704, http:/.D2
34、020823.2.5 coverage of paper, nthe reciprocal of grammage (orbasis weight).3.2.6 elongation of paper, nthe maximum tensile straindeveloped in the test specimen before break in a tension testunder prescribed conditions, calculated as the ratio of theincrease in length of the test specimen to the orig
35、inal test span,and expressed as a percentage.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIt is calculated as the ratio of theincrease in length of the test specimen to the original test span,and is expressed as a percentage.3.2.7 folding endurance of paper, nthe resistance tofatigue resulting from repeated folding under spec
36、ified condi-tions of test, expressed as the number of double folds requiredto rupture a specimen, or as the logarithm of that number.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe level is expressed as the number ofdouble folds required to rupture a specimen. Sometimes thelevel is expressed as the logarithm of the number.3.
37、2.8 grammage of paper, nthe mass per unit area ofpaper, expressed as grams per square metre.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGrammage is sometimes called weightor basis weight of paper. These terms are most frequently usedwhen non-metric units are used, and the area is that of thepaper in one of the several standa
38、rd reams of papers definedwithin the paper industry.3.2.9 impregnation time of paper, nthe time in secondsrequired for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity topenetrate completely from one face of a sheet of paper to theother under certain prescribed conditions.3.2.10 internal tearing resi
39、stance of paper, nthe forcerequired to continue a previously-initiated tear across a speci-fied distance in a single thickness of paper, expressed as theaverage force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together.3.2.10.1 DiscussionIt is indicated on the specified appa-ratus and reported as the aver
40、age force per sheet to tear one ormore sheets together across a specified distance.3.2.11 loss on ignition of inorganic fiber paper, nthevolatile and combustible fraction of a paper, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass lost upon ignition, using aspecified procedure.3.2.11.1 DiscussionI
41、t is expressed as a percentage of theoriginal dry weight lost upon ignition, and is usually usedinstead of ash content when dealing with papers which areprincipally composed of inorganic fibers.3.2.12 solvent-soluble material in paper, n the mass ofmaterial that can be extracted from a dry specimen
42、by aspecified solvent under prescribed conditions, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass.3.2.13 kinetic surface friction of paper, n the ratio of theforce parallel to the surfaces of two pieces of paper in contactwith each other to the force normal to the surfaces required tocontinue pre
43、viously-initiated movement relative to each otherat constant speed.3.2.13.1 DiscussionThe test may be made using a paper-covered block on a paper-covered inclined plane, in which casethe result is expressed in degrees of angle of inclination of theplane which will cause the block to continue an init
44、iatedmovement.3.2.14 tensile energy absorption of paper (TEA), nthework performed when a paper specimen is stressed to break intension under prescribed conditions, as measured by theintegral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile strain fromzero to the strain corresponding to maximum stress
45、, expressedas energy (work) per unit of original surface area of the testspecimen.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe TEA is expressed as energy(work) per unit of original surface area (length 3 width) of thetest specimen.3.2.15 tensile strength of paper, nthe maximum tensilestress developed in a test specimen i
46、n a tension test carried tobreak under prescribed conditions, expressed for thin papers asforce per unit original width of the test specimen.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTensile stress is the force per unit oforiginal cross-sectional area, but in thin materials such as paperit is commonly expressed in terms o
47、f force per unit of originalwidth.3.2.16 thickness of an electrical insulating material, ntheperpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest,determined in accordance with a standard method.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThe thickness of papers under 0.05mm (0.002 in.) in thickness, is often defined
48、as one tenth thatof a stack of ten sheets in certain paper specifications.3.2.17 water extract conductivity of paper, nthe apparentvolume conductivity at 60 Hz of a specimen of water that hasbeen used to dissolve water-soluble impurities from a specimenof paper under prescribed conditions.4. Reagent
49、s4.1 Purity of ReagentsUse reagent grade chemicals in alltests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagentsconform to the specifications of the Committee on AnalyticalReagents of the American Chemical Society, where suchspecifications are available.6Other grades are acceptable,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.4.2 Purity of WaterExcept where otherwise indicated, usereagent water, Type III, of Specificat
