1、Designation: D2041/D2041M 11Standard Test Method forTheoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density ofBituminous Paving Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2041/D2041M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test me
3、thod covers the determination of the theo-retical maximum specific gravity and density of uncompactedbituminous paving mixtures at 25C 77F.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalen
4、ts; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.2.1 Residual pressure measurements are shown in both theSI unit of kPa and the commonly used non-standard equivalentunit of “mm of Hg”.1.2.2 Measu
5、rements of volume and mass are only given inSI units because they are the only units typically used inpractice when performing this test method.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
6、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD979 Practice for Sampling B
7、ituminous Paving MixturesD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingE1 Specification for ASTM Liqu
8、id-in-Glass ThermometersE12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases33. Terminology3.1 The terms “specific gravity” and “density” used in thistest method are in accordance with Terminology E12.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 density,
9、as determined by this test methodthe massof a cubic meter of the material at 25C 77F in SI units.3.2.2 residual pressure, as employed by this test methodthe pressure in a vacuum vessel when vacuum is applied.3.2.3 specific gravity, as determined by this test methodthe ratio of a given mass of materi
10、al at 25C 77F to the massof an equal volume of water at the same temperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A weighed sample of oven-dry paving mixture in theloose condition is placed in a tared vacuum vessel. Sufficientwater at a temperature of 25C 77F is added to completelysubmerge the sample. Vacuu
11、m is gradually applied to reducethe residual pressure in the vacuum vessel to 4 kPa 30 mm ofHg or less and then held for 15 6 2 min. At the end of thevacuum period, the vacuum is gradually released. The volumeof the sample of paving mixture is obtained by immersing thevacuum container with the sampl
12、e in a water bath andweighing or by filling the vacuum container level full of waterand weighing in air. Both the temperature and mass aremeasured at this time. From these mass and volume measure-ments, the specific gravity or density at 25C 77 F iscalculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The theoretic
13、al maximum specific gravities and densi-ties of bituminous paving mixtures are fundamental propertieswhose values are influenced by the composition of the mixturein terms of types and amounts of aggregates and bituminousmaterials.5.1.1 Maximum specific gravity is used (1) in the calcula-tion of air
14、voids in the compacted bituminous paving mixture,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Publishe
15、d March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2041 03A. DOI:10.1520/D2041_D2041M11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
16、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(2) in calculating the amount of bitumen absorbed by theaggregate, and (3) to provide target values for the compa
17、ctionof paving mixtures.NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D3666 are generallyco
18、nsidered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance withPractice D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; following the suggestions of PracticeD3666 or some similar a
19、cceptable guideline provides a means ofevaluating and controlling some of those factors6. Apparatus6.1 Containers:6.1.1 Vacuum BowlsEither a metal or plastic bowl with adiameter of approximately 180 to 260 mm 7 to 10 in. and abowl height of at least 160 mm 6 in. shall be equipped witha transparent c
20、over fitted with a rubber gasket and a connectionfor the vacuum line. Both the bowl and cover should besufficiently stiff to withstand the applied vacuum pressurewithout visibly deforming. The hose connection shall becovered with a small piece of fine wire mesh to minimize theloss of any fine materi
21、al.NOTE 2The transparent cover allows observation of the release of airbubbles.6.1.2 Vacuum Flask for Weighing in Air Only, a thick-walledvolumetric glass flask with a capacity of approximately 4000mL, fitted with a rubber stopper with a connection for thevacuum line. The hose connection in the flas
22、k should becovered with a small piece of fine wire mesh to minimize theloss of any fine material6.2 Balance, capable of being read to the nearest 0.1 g andconforming to the requirements of Specification D4753, ClassGP2. If underwater measurements will be taken, then thebalance shall be equipped with
23、 a suitable suspension apparatusand holder to permit weighing the sample while suspendedfrom the center of the scale.6.3 Vacuum Pump or Water Aspirator, capable of evacuat-ing air from the vacuum container to a residual pressure of 4.0kPa 30 mm of Hg or less.6.3.1 When a vacuum pump is used, a suita
24、ble trap shall beinstalled between the vacuum vessel and vacuum source toreduce the amount of water vapor entering the vacuum pump.6.4 Residual Pressure Manometer or Calibrated AbsolutePressure GageThis manometer or calibrated absolute pres-sure gage shall be used to confirm the specified pressure i
25、sapplied to the container and shall be capable of measuringresidual pressure to 4.0 kPa 30 mm of Hg or less. It is to beconnected at the end of the vacuum line using an appropriatetube and either a “T” connector on the top of the container orby using a separate opening (from the vacuum line) in the
26、topof the container to attach the hose. To avoid damage, themanometer or gage itself is not to be situated on top of thevessel but adjacent to it.NOTE 3Residual pressure in the vacuum vessel in millimeters ofmercury is the difference in the height of mercury.6.5 Manometer or Vacuum Gage, suitable fo
27、r measuring thevacuum being applied at the source of the vacuum. This devicecan be connected directly to the vacuum source or be in thevacuum line close to the source.NOTE 4The vacuum leg of a residual pressure manometer occasion-ally acquires one or more air bubbles that introduce error into the re
28、sidualpressure reading. The additional vacuum gage or manometer provides ameans to quickly detect differences between the two vacuum measure-ments.6.6 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters of suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scaleerror of 0.5C 1F, conforming to the require
29、ments ofSpecification E1 or any other thermometric device of equalaccuracy, precision, and sensitivity shall be used.6.7 Water Bath, capable of maintaining, by any means, aconstant temperature of 25 6 1C 77 6 2F. The water bathmust be suitable for immersion of the suspended container withits deaerat
30、ed sample.6.8 Bleeder Valve, attached to the vacuum line to facilitateboth the adjustment of the vacuum being applied to the vacuumvessel and the slow release of vacuum pressure.6.9 Mechanical Agitation Device, capable of applying agentle but consistent agitation of the sample. This device shallbe e
31、quipped with a means of firmly anchoring the container sothat it does not move on the surface of the device.NOTE 5If stripping of asphalt is a problem, the device can beequipped with a speed control.6.10 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 65C 230 6 10F. This oven is needed when sample
32、s otherthan laboratory prepared mixtures using oven-dry aggregateare tested.7. Sampling7.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D979.7.2 The size of sample shall be as follows:Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size, mm in. Minimum Sample Size, g37.5 1 or greater 500019 to 25 3/4 to 1 250012.5 1/2 o
33、r smaller 15007.3 Sample sizes greater than about two thirds of the volumeof the container shall be tested in portions with none of theportions tested being less than 1250 g.8. Calibration of Containers8.1 BowlsCalibrate the container by accurately determin-ing the mass of the container immersed in
34、water at 25 6 1C77 6 2F. Designate this mass as B.8.1.1 If the bowl is used for weighing in air, place thevolumetric lid on the bowl while under water. Remove thewater-filled bowl with the lid in place and dry prior todetermining the combined mass of the bowl, lid, and water.Repeat three times and a
35、verage the results. Designate theaverage mass as D.8.2 FlasksCalibrate the volumetric flask by accuratelydetermining the mass of the flask filled with water at atemperature of 25 6 1C 77 6 2F. Designate this mass as D.Accurate filling of the flask shall be ensured by the use of aglass cover plate or
36、 similar smooth, flat transparent plate.D2041/D2041M 1129. Procedure9.1 If the paving mixture has been prepared in a laboratoryusing oven-dry aggregates, proceed to 9.2. Any other sampleneeds to be dried to a constant mass (mass repeats within 0.1 %for consecutive 15 min determinations) at a tempera
37、ture of 1106 5C 2306 10F.9.2 Once the sample is dry and while it is still warm,separate the particles of the sample of paving mixture by hand,taking care to avoid fracturing the aggregate, so that theparticles of the fine aggregate portion are not larger than about6 mm 1/4 in. Cool the sample to roo
38、m temperature. Ifseparated particles adhere to each other once the sample hasbeen cooled to room temperature, gently separate the particlesof the fine aggregate portion so that they are not larger thanabout 6 mm 1/4 in. Place the sample directly into the taredbowl or volumetric flask. Do not use a c
39、ontainer within acontainer. Weigh the container with the sample and designatethe net mass (mass of sample only) as A.9.3 Add sufficient water at a temperature of approximately25C 77F to cover the sample completely. Place the cover(bowls) or stopper (flask) on the container.9.4 Place the container wi
40、th the sample and water on amechanical agitation device and anchor it to the surface of thedevice. Start the agitation and immediately begin to remove airtrapped in the sample by gradually increasing the vacuumpressure until the residual pressure manometer reads 3.7 6 0.3kPa 27.5 6 2.5 mm of Hg. The
41、 vacuum should be achievedwithin 2 min. Once the vacuum is achieved, continue thevacuum and agitation for 15 6 2 min.9.5 Gradually release the vacuum pressure using the bleedervalve and proceed with one of the following determinations:9.5.1 Weighing in WaterSuspend the bowl (without lid)and contents
42、 in water for 10 6 1 min, then determine the mass.Measure and record the temperature of the water in the bath.Designate the mass under water of the bowl and sample as C.9.5.2 Weighing in Air (Bowl)Slowly submerge the bowland sample in the 25 6 1C 77 6 2F bath, where it shallremain for 10 6 1 min. Th
43、e lid shall also be placed in the waterbath at the same time. Slide the lid onto the bowl withoutremoving from the water so as to avoid entrapping any air, thenfirmly press the lid down on the bowl. Remove the bowl withthe lid in place from the water bath. Carefully dry the bowl andlid. Determine th
44、e mass of the bowl, sample, and lid. Measureand record the temperature of the water in the bowl. Repeat thisprocedure a second time by removing the lid and placing boththe lid and the bowl back in the water. It is not necessary towait the 10 minutes before taking the second reading. If themass varie
45、s by more than 1.0 g, repeat the procedure until anytwo mass readings are within 1.0 g. Designate the average massof these two readings as “E; the mass of the bowl, lid, water,and sample.”9.5.3 Weighing in Air (Flask)Slowly fill the flask withwater taking care not to introduce air into the sample. P
46、lace theflask in a water bath for 10 6 1 min to stabilize the temperaturewithout submerging the top of the flask. Measure and recordthe temperature of the water in the flask. Remove the ther-mometer and completely fill the flask using a cover plate,taking care not to entrap air beneath the cover pla
47、te. The coverplate shall be the same one used during the calibration of theflask. Wipe any moisture from the exterior of the container andcover plate. Determine the mass of the flask, plate, and itscontents completely filled with water. Designate this mass as E.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the maxi
48、mum specific gravity of the sampleas follows:10.1.1 Bowls Used Under Water Determination:Gmm5AA2C2B!(1)where:Gmm= maximum specific gravity of the mixture,A = mass of dry sample in air, g,B = mass of bowl under water, g, andC = mass of bowl and sample under water, g.10.1.2 Bowl in Air Determination:G
49、mm5AA 1 D 2 E(2)where:Gmm= maximum specific gravity of the mixture,A = mass of dry sample in air, g,D = mass of lid and bowl with water at 25C 77F, g,andE = mass of lid, bowl, sample, and water at 25C77F, g.10.1.3 Flask Determination:Gmm5AA 1 D 2 E(3)where:Gmm= maximum specific gravity of the mixture,A = mass of dry sample in air, g,D = mass of cover plate and flask filled with water at25C 77F, g, andE = mass of flask, cover plate, sample, and water at25C 77F, g.10.2 If
